See also:

• AARGAU (Fr. Argovie)

AARGAU (Fr. Argovie)  , one of the more northerly Swiss cantons, comprising the See also:

• LOWER

lower course of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• AAR, or AARE

Aar (q.v.), whence its name . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 541'9 sq. m., of which 517'9 sq. m. are classed as " productive " (forests covering 172 sq. m. and vineyards 8.2 sq. m.) . It is one of the least mountainous Swiss cantons, forming See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• GREAT

great table-See also:

• LAND

land, to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura, above which rise See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is beautifully diversified, undulating tracts and well-wooded hills alternating with fertile valleys watered mainly by the Aar and its tributaries . It contains the famous hot See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur springs of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden (q.v.) and Schinznach, while at Rheinfelden there are very extensive saline springs . Just below Brugg the See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss and the Limmat join the Aar, while around Brugg are the ruined See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle cf See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, the old See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Konigsfelden (with See also:

• FINE

fine painted See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass) and the remains of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Vindonissa [Windisch] . The total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1900 was 206,498, almost exclusively See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, but numbering 114,176 Protestants to 91,039 Romanists and 990 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton is Aarau (q.v.), while other important towns are Baden (q.v.), Zofingen (4591 inhabitants), See also:

• REINACH, JOSEPH (1856- )

Reinach (3668 inhabitants), Rheinfelden (3349 inhabitants), Wohlen (3274 inhabitants), and Lenzburg (2588 inhabitants) . See also:

• AARGAU (Fr. Argovie)

Aargau is an industrious and prosperous canton, See also:

• STRAW

straw-plaiting, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-growing, See also:

• SILK

silk-ribbon See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, and See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon-fishing in the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine being among the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . As this region was, up to 1415, the centre of the Habsburg See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, we find here many See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical old castles (e.g . Habsburg, Lenzburg, Wildegg), and former monasteries (e.g . Wettingen, See also:

• MURI

Muri), founded by that See also:

• FAMILY

family, but suppressed in 1841, this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of violence being one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main causes of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war called the " Sonderbund War," in 1847 in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland .

The cantonal constitution See also:

• DATES

dates mainly from 1885, but since 1904 the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the executive See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of five members is made by a See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• VOTE

vote of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The legislature consists of members elected in the proportion of one to every 1 See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo inhabitants . The " obligatory See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum " exists in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of all See also:

• LAWS

laws, while 5000 citizens have the right of " initiative " in proposing bills or alterations in the cantonal constitution . The canton sends ro members to the federal Nationalrat, being one for every 20,000, while the two Stdnderdte are (since 1904) elected by a direct vote of the people . The canton is divided into eleven administrative districts, and contains 241 communes . In 1415 the Aargau region was taken from the Habsburgs by the Swiss Confederates . See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern kept the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west portion (Zofingen, Aarburg, Aarau, Lenzburg, and Brugg), but some districts, named the Frew Amter or " See also:

• FREE

free bailiwicks " (Mellingen, Muri, Villmeren, and Bremgarten), with the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Baden, were ruled as " subject lands" by all or certain of the Confederates . In 1798 the Bernese See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit became the canton of Aargau of the Helvetic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder forming the canton of Baden . In 1803, the two halves (plus the Frick glen, ceded in 1802 by See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to the Helvetic Republic) were See also:

• UNITED

united under the name of Kanton Aargau, which was then admitted a full member of the reconstituted See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation . See also Argovia (published by the Cantonal Historical Society), Aarau, from 186o; F . X . Bronner, Der See also:

• KENTON

Kenton Aargau, 2 vols., St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall and Bern, 1844; H .

See also:

• LEHMANN, JOHANN GOTTLOB (?-1767)
• LEHMANN, PETER MARTIN ORLA (1810-187o)

Lehmann, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die argauische Strohindustrie, Aarau, 1896; W . Merz, Die mittelalt . Burganlagen and Wehrbauten d . See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant . Argau (fine illustrated See also:

• WORK

work on castles), Aarau, 2 vols., 1904-1906; W . Merz and F . E . Welti, Die Rechtsquellen d . Kant . Argau, 3 vols., Aarau, 1898-1905; J . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Der Aargau, 2 vols., See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 187o; E . L .

Rochholz, Aargauer Weisthumer, Aarau, 1877; E . See also:

• ZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (1771-1848)

Zschokke, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Aargaus, Aarau, 1903 . (W . A . B .