IVAR

AASEN (1813-1896)  , Norwegian philologist and lexicographer, was born at Aasen i Orsten, in Sondmore, Norway, on the 5th of August 1813 . His father, a small peasant-farmer named Ivar Jonsson, died in 1826 . He was brought up to farm-work, but he assiduously cultivated all his leisure in reading, and when he was eighteen he opened an elementary school in his native parish . In 1833 he entered the household of H . C . Thoresen the husband of the eminent writer Magdalene Thoresen, in Hero, and here he picked up the elements of Latin . Gradually, and by dint of infinite patience and concentration, the young peasant became master of many languages, and began the scientific study of their structure . About 1841 he had freed himself from all the burden of manual labour, and could occupy his thoughts with the dialect of his native district, the Sondmore; his first publication was a small collection of folk-songs in the Sondmore language (1843) . His remarkable abilities now attracted general attention, and he was helped to continue his studies undisturbed . His Grammar of the Norwegian Dialects (1848) was the result of much labour, and of journeys taken to every part of the country . Aasen's famous Dictionary of the Norwegian Dialects appeared in its original form in 1850, and from this publication dates all the wide cultivation of the popular language in Norwegian, since Aasen really did no less than construct, out of the different materials at his disposal, a popular language or definite folke-maal for Norway . With certain modifications, the most important of which were introduced later by Amen himself, this artificial language is that which has been adopted ever since by those who write in dialect, and which later enthusiasts have once more endeavoured to foist upon Norway as her official language in the place of Dano-Norwegian .

Aasen composed poems and plays in the composite dialect to show how it should be used ; one of these dramas, The

Heir (1855), was frequently acted, and may be considered as the pioneer of all the abundant dialect-literature of the last half-century, from Vinje down to Garborg . Aasen continued to enlarge and improve his grammars and his dictionary . He lived very quietly in lodgings in Christiania, surrounded by his books and shrinking from publicity, but his name grew into wide political favour as his ideas about the language of the peasants became more and more the watch-word of the popular party . Quite early in his career, 1842, he had begun to receive a stipend to enable him to give his entire attention to his philological investigations ; and the Storthingconscious of the national importance of his work—treated him in this respect with more and more generosity as he advanced in years . He continued his investigations to the last, but it may be said that, after the 1873 edition of his Dictionary, he added but little to his stores . Ivar Aasen holds perhaps an isolated place in literary history as the one man who has invented, or at least selected and constructed, a language which has pleased so many thousands of his countrymen that they have accepted it for their schools, their sermons and their songs . He died in Christiania on the 23rd of September 1896, and was buried with public honours . (E . G.) AB, the fifth month of the ecclesiastical and the eleventh of the civil year of the Jews . It approximately corresponds to the period of the 15th of July to the 15th of August . The word is of Babylonian origin, adopted by the Jews with other calendar names after the Babylonian exile . Tradition ascribes the death of Aaron to the first day of Ab .

On the ninth is kept the Fast of Ab, or the

Black Fast, to bewail the destruction of the first temple by Nebuchadrezzar (586 B.C.) and of the second by Titus (A.D . 70) .