See also:

• ABABDA (the Gebadei of Pliny, probably the Troglodytes of classical writers)

ABABDA (the Gebadei of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, probably the See also:

• TROGLODYTES (rpcay?oSurat, from rpwyXn, hole, Svw, creep)

Troglodytes of classical writers)  , a See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad tribe of See also:

• AFRICAN

African " See also:

• ARABS

Arabs " of Hamitic origin . They extend from the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile at See also:

• ASSUAN

Assuan to the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, and reach northward to the See also:

• KENA, or KENEH (sometimes written Qina)

Kena-Kosseir road, thus occupying the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Nile . They See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call them-selves " sons of the Jinns." With some of the clans of the See also:

• BISHARIN (the anc. Ichthyophagi)

Bisharin (q.v.) and possibly the See also:

• HADENDOA (from Beja Hada, chief, and endowa, people)

Hadendoa (q.v.) they represent the Blemmyes of classic geographers, and their location to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day is almost identical with that assigned them in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times . They were constantly at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, who at last subsidized them . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages they were known as See also:

• BEJA (or BiJA)
• BEJA (probably the ancient Pax Julia)

Beja (q.v.), and convoyed pilgrims from the Nile valley to Aidhab, the See also:

• PORT

port of embarkation for Jedda . From See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial they have acted as guides to caravans through the Nubian See also:

• DESERT

desert and up the Nile valley as far as See also:

• SENNAR

Sennar . To-day many of them are employed in the See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph service across the Arabian desert . They inter-married with the Nuba, and settled in small colonies at See also:

• SHENDI

Shendi and elsewhere See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian invasion (A.D . 1820-1822) . They are still See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers, and visit very distant districts . The See also:

• ABABDA (the Gebadei of Pliny, probably the Troglodytes of classical writers)

Ababda of Egypt, numbering some 3o,00o, are governed by an hereditary " See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief." Although nominally a See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal of the See also:

• KHEDIVE

Khedive he pays no See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute . Indeed he is paid a See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy, a portion of the road-dues, in return for his safeguarding travellers from Bedouin robbers .

The sub-sheikhs are directly responsible to him . The Ababda of See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia, reported by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph von Russegger, who visited the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in 1836, to number some 40,000, have since diminished, having probably amalgamated with the Bisharin, their hereditary enemies when they were themselves a powerful nation . The Ababda generally speak Arabic (mingled with See also:

• BARABRA

Barabra [Nubian] words), the result of their long-continued contact with Egypt; but the southern and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern portion of the tribe in many cases still retain their Beja See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect, To-Bedawiet . Those of Kosseir will not speak this before strangers, as they believe that to reveal the mysterious dialect would bring ruin on them . Those nearest the Nile have much See also:

• FELLAH (pl. Fellahin)

fellah See also:

• BLOOD

blood in them . As a tribe they claim an Arab origin, apparently throughtheir sheikhs . They have adopted the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and habits of the fellahin, unlike their kinsmen the Bisharin and Hadendoa, who go practically naked . They are neither so fierce nor of so See also:

• FINE

fine a physique as these latter . They are lithe and well built, but, small: the See also:

• AVERAGE

average height is little more than 5 ft., except in the See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, who are obviously of Arab origin . Their complexion is more red than See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, their features angular, noses straight and See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair luxuriant . They See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of being treacherous and faithless, being See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by no See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath, but they appear to be honest in See also:

• MONEY

money matters and hospitable, and, however poor, never beg . Formerly very poor, the Ababda became wealthy of ter the See also:

• BRITISH

British occupation of Egypt .

Their chief settlements are in Nubia, where they live in villages and employ themselves in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . Others of them See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish in the Red Sea and then See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt fish in the interior . Others are pedlars, while See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal burning, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-gathering and trading in gums and drugs, especially in See also:

• SENNA (Arab. sand)

senna leaves, occupy many . Unlike the true Arab, the Ababda do not live in tents, but build huts with hurdles and mats, or live in natural caves, as did their ancestors in classic times . They have few horses, using the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel as beast of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden or their " See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

mount " in war . They live chiefly on See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• DURRA
• DURRA (also written dourah, dhura, &c.; Arabic for a pearl, hence a grain of corn)

durra, the latter eaten either raw or roasted . They are very superstitious, believing, for example, that evil would overtake a See also:

• FAMILY

family if a girl member should, after her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, ever set eyes on her See also:

• MOTHER

mother: hence the Ababda See also:

• HUSBAND

husband has to make his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home far from his wife's See also:

• VILLAGE

village . In the Mandist troubles (1882–1898) many " friendlies " were recruited from the tribe . For their earlier See also:

• HISTORY

history see BEJA; see also BISHARIN, HADENDOA, See also:

• KABBABISH (" goatherds ": James Bruce derives the name from Hebsh, sheep)

KABBABISH; and the following authorities:—See also:

• SIR

Sir F . R . Win-See also:

• GATE

gate, Mandism and the Egyptian See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan (Loud . 1891) ; Giuseppe Sergi, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa: Antropologia See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta Stirpe C¢mitica (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1897) ; A .

H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology of Egyptian Sudan (Loud . 1884); Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, edited by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• GLEICHEN

Gleichen (Lond . 1905) ; Joseph von Russegger, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Reisen in Afrika (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1841-185o) . (T . A .