See also:

• ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot)

ABBESS (See also:

• LAT

Lat. abbatissa, fem. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of abbas, See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot)  , the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey or See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of nuns . The mode of See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, position, rights and authority of an See also:

• ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot)

abbess correspond generally with those of an See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot (q.v.) . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office is elective, the choice being by the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret votes of the sisters from their own See also:

• BODY

body . The abbess is solemnly admitted to her office by episcopal See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction, together with the conIrring of a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff and See also:

• PECTORAL

pectoral See also:

• CROSS

cross, and holds for See also:

• LIFE

life, though liable to be deprived for misconduct . The See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent fixed the qualifying See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age at See also:

• FORTY

forty, with eight years of profession . Abbesses have a right to demand See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute obedience of their nuns, over whom they exercise discipline, extending even to the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion, subject, however, to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . As a female an abbess is incapable of performing the spiritual functions of the priesthood belonging to an abbot . She can-not ordain, confer the See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil, nor excommunicate . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England abbesses attended ecclesiastical See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, e.g. that of Becanfield in 694, where they signed before the presbyters . By See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic usage abbesses presided over See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-houses of monks and nuns . This See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom accompanied Celtic monastic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and even to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome itself . At a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, A.D .

1115, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, the founder of Fontevraud, committed the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the whole See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, men as well as See also:

• WOMEN

women, to a female superior . In the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Evangelical See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of abbess (Aebtissin) has in some cases—e.g . See also:

• ITZEHOE

Itzehoe—survived to designate the heads of abbeys which since the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation have continued as Stifle, i.e. collegiate See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations, which provide a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and an income for unmarried ladies, generally of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, called canonesses (Kanonissinen) or more usually Stiftsdamen . This office of abbess is of considerable social dignity, and is sometimes filled by princesses of the reigning houses .