See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

ABBEY (See also:

• LAT

Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, See also:

• FATHER

father)  , a monastery, or conventual See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, under the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of an See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

ABBOT or an See also:

• ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot)

ABBESS . A priory only differed from an See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey in that the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• BORE

bore the name of See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior instead of abbot . This was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in all the See also:

• ENGLISH

English conventual cathedrals, e.g . See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich, &c., where the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop or See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop occupied the abbot's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the superior of the monastery being termed prior . Other priories were originally offshoots from the larger abbeys, to the abbots of which they continued subordinate; but in later times the actual distinction between abbeys and priories was lost . The earliest See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian monastic communities (see MONASTI-c1sM) with which we are acquainted consisted of See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of cells or huts collected about a See also:

• COMMON

common centre, which was usually the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of some anchorite celebrated for superior holiness or singular See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism, but without any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at orderly arrangement . The formation of such communities in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East does not date from the introduction of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The example had been already set by the See also:

• ESSENES

Essenes in Judea and the See also:

• THERAPEUTAE (Gr. BepaawTat, literally " attendants " or " physicians," hence " worshippers of God ")

Therapeutae in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . In the earliest See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Christian See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism the ascetics were accustomed to live singly, See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of one another, at no See also:

• GREAT

great distance from some See also:

• VILLAGE

village, supporting themselves by the labour of their own hands, and distributing the surplus after the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of their own scanty wants to the poor . Increasing religious- fervour, aided by persecution, drove them farther and farther away from the abodes of men into See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain solitudes or lonely deserts . The deserts of Egypt swarmed with the " cells " or huts of these anchorites . See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, who had retired to the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Thebaid during the persecution of Maximin, A.D .

312, was the most celebrated among them for his austerities, his sanctity, and his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as an See also:

• EXORCIST (Lat. exorcista, Gr. i oprcio•T17s)

exorcist . His fame collected See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him a See also:

• HOST

host of followers, emulous of his sanctity . The deeper he withdrew into the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness, the more numerous his disciples became . They refused to be separated from him, and built their cells round that of their spiritual See also:

• FATHER

father . Thus arose the first monastic com munity, consisting of anchorites living each in his own little dwelling, See also:

• UNITED

united together under one superior . Anthony, as See also:

• NEANDER, JOACHIM (1650–1680)
• NEANDER, JOHANN AUGUST WILHELM (1789-1850)

Neander remarks (See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church See also:

• HISTORY

History, vol. iii. p . 316, See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark's trans.), " without any conscious See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of his own, had become the founder of a new mode of living in common, Coenobitism." By degrees See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was introduced in the groups of huts . They were arranged in lines like the tents in an encampment, or the housea in a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street . From this arrangement these lines of single cells came to be known as Laurae, Aaupa , " streets " or " lanes . " The real founder of coenobian (Kowor, common, and (3ios, See also:

• LIFE

life) monasteries in the See also:

• MODERN

modern sense was See also:

• PACHOMIUS, ST (292-346)

Pachomius, an Egyptian of the beginning of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The first community established by him was at Tabennae, an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile in Upper Egypt . Eight' others were founded in his lifetime, numbering 3000 monks .

Within fifty years from his See also:

• DEATH

death his See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies could reckon 50,000 members . These coenebia resembled villages, peopled by a hard-working religious community, all of one See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . The buildings were detached, small and of the humblest See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Each See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell or hut, according to See also:

• SOZOMEN

Sozomen (H.E . 14), contained three monks . They took their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MEAL

meal in a common See also:

• REFECTORY (med. Lat. refectorium, from reficere, to refresh)

refectory at 3 P.M., up to which See also:

• HOUR

hour they usually fasted . They See also:

• ATE

ate in silence, with hoods so See also:

• DRAWN

drawn over their faces that they could see nothing but what was on the table before them . The monks spent all the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, not devoted to religious services or study, in See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour . See also:

• PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS AEMILIANUS

Palladius, who visited the Egyptian monasteries about the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 4th century, found among the 300 members of the coenobium of Panopolis, under the Pachomian See also:

• RULE

rule, 15 tailors, 7 smiths, 4 carpenters, 12 See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel-drivers and 15 tanners . Each See also:

• SEPARATE

separate community had its own oeconomus or steward, who was subject to a chief oeconomus stationed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head establishment . All the produce of the monks' labour was committed to him, and by him shipped to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . The See also:

• MONEY

money raised by the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale was expended in the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of stores for the support of the communities, and what was over was devoted to charity .

Twice in the See also:

• YEAR

year the superiors of the several coenobia met at the chief monastery, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of an See also:

• ARCHIMANDRITE (from Gr. apxcov, a ruler, and µav3pa, a fold or monastery)

archimandrite (" the chief of the See also:

• FOLD

fold," from µavbpa, a fold), and at the last See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting gave in reports of their See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration for the year . The coenobia of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria belonged to the Pachomian institution . - We learn many details concerning those in the vicinity of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch from See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom's writings . The monks lived in separate huts, KaXbf3ta, forming a religious See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet on the mountain See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . They were subject to an abbot, and observed a common rule . (They had no refectory, but ate their common meal, of See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WATER

water only, when the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's labour was over, reclining on strewn grass, sometimes out of doors.) Four times in the day they joined in prayers and See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms . The See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence from hostile attacks, See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of space and convenience of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access from one See also:

• PART

part of the community to another, by degrees dictated a more compact and orderly arrangement of the buildings of a monastic coenobium . Large piles of See also:

• BUILDING

building were erected, with strong outside walls, capable of resisting the assaults of an enemy, within which all the neces- See also:

• SANTA

Santa sary edifices were ranged round one or more open Laura, courts, usually surrounded with cloisters . The usual See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Eastern arrangement is exemplified in the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the See also:

• ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. Monte Santo)

Athos. See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Santa Laura, Mount Athos (Laura, the designation of a monastery generally, being converted into a See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint) . This monastery, like the See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental monasteries generally, is surrounded by a strong and lofty See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, enclosing anarea of between 3 and 4 acres . The longer side extends to a length of about 500 feet . There is only one See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main entrance, on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north side (A), defended by three separate See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron doors .

Near the entrance is a large See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower -(M), a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant feature in the monasteries of the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . There is a small See also:

• POSTERN (from 0. Fr. posterne, posterle, Late Lat. posterula, small back-door, posterus, behind)

postern See also:

• GATE

gate at L . The See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte comprises two large open courts, surrounded with buildings connected with See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister galleries of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or stone . The See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, which is much the larger, contains the See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries and storehouses (K), and the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen (H) and other offices connected with the refectory (G) . Immediately adjacent to the gateway is a two-storied See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, opening from a cloister (C) . The inner court is surroua ed by a cloister (EE), from which open the monks' cells (II) . In the centre of this court stands the catholicon or conventual church, a square building with an See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse of the cruciform domical See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine type, approached by a domed See also:

• NARTHEX (Gr. vapOr7E, the name of the plant giant=fennel, in Lat. ferula)

narthex . In front of the church stands a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain (F), covered by a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome supported on columns . Openingirom the western side of the cloister, but actually See also:

• STANDING

standing in the outer court, is the refectory (G), a large cruciform building, about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo feet each way, decorated within with frescoes of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . At the upper end is a semicircular See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess, recalling the See also:

• TRICLINIUM

triclinium of the Lateran See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, in which is placed the seat of the hegumenos or abbot . This apartment is chiefly used as a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of meeting, the oriental monks usually taking their meals in their separate cells: St Laura is exceeded in magnitude by the convent of Vato- pede, also on Mount Athos . This enormous establish vatopede. ment covers at least 4 acres of ground, and contains so many separate buildings within its massive walls that it. resembles a fortified See also:

• TOWN

town .

It lodges above 300 monks, and the establishment of the hegumenos is described as resembling the court of a See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince . The immense refectory,, of the same cruciform shape as that of St Laura, will accommodate 500 guests at its 24 marble tables . The annexed plan of a Coptic monastery, from Lenoir, shows a church of three aisles, with cellular apses, and two ranges of cells on either side of an oblong See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery . Monasticism in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West owes its See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension and development to See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict of Nursia (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born A.D . 4So) . His rule was diffused with miraculous rapidity from the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation on See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino through the whole of western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and every See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country witnessed the erection of monasteries far exceeding anything that had yet been- seen in spaciousness and splendour . Few great towns in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy were without their See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine convent, and they quickly See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in all the great centres of See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The number of these monasteries founded between A.D . 520, and 700 iS A . Gateway . B . Chapels .

C . Guest-house . D . Church . E . Cloister . F . Fountain . G . Refectory . H . Kitchen I .

Cells . K . Storehouses . L . Postern gate . M . Tower . amazing . Before the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, A.D . 1415, no fewer than 15,070 abbeys had been established of this order alone . The buildings of a Benedictine abbey were uniformly arranged after one plan, modified where necessary (as at See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham and See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester, where the monasteries stand close to the steep See also:

• BANK

bank of a See also:

• RIVER

river) to accommodate the arrangement to See also:

• LOCAL

local circumstances . We have no existing examples of the earlier monasteries of the Benedictine order .

They have all yielded to the ravages of time and the violence of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . But we have fortunately preserved to StGau. us an elaborate plan of the great Swiss monastery of St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall, erected about A.D . 820, which puts us in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole arrangements of a monastery of the first class towards the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the 9th century . This curious and interesting plan has been made the subject of a memoir both by See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller (See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, 1844) and by See also:

• PRO

Pro- fessor See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis (See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, 1848, vol. v. pp . 86-117 . To the latter we are indebted for the sub-stance of the following description,-as well as for the plan, reduced from his elucidated transcript of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original preserved in the archives of the convent . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the convent is that of a town of isolated houses with streets See also:

• RUNNING

running between them . It is evidently planned in compliance with the Benedictine rule, which enjoined that, if possible, the monastery should contain within itself every necessary of life, as well as the buildings more intimately connected with the religious and social life of its inmates . It should comprise a See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill, a bakehouse, stables and cow-houses, together with See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for carrying on all necessary See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical arts within the walls, so as to obviate the necessity of the monks going outside its limits . The general See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the buildings may be thus described:—The church, with its cloister to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, occupies the centre of a quadrangular See also:

• AREA

area, about 43o feet square . The buildings, as in all great monasteries, are distributed into groups .

The church forms the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus, as the centre of the religious life of the community . In closest connexion with the church is the See also:

• GROUP

group of buildings appropriated to the monastic life and its daily requirements—the refectory for eating, the See also:

• DORMITORY (Lat. dormitorium, a sleeping place)

dormitory for sleeping, the common See also:

• ROOM

room for social intercourse, the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-house for religious and disciplinary See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference . These essential elements of monastic life are ranged about a cloister court, surrounded by a covered See also:

• ARCADE

arcade. affording communication sheltered from the elements between he various buildings . The infirmary for sick monks, with the physician's house and physic See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, lies to the east . In the same group with the infirmary is the school for the novices . The outer school, with its head-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's house against the opposite wall of the church, stands outside the convent enclosure, in close proximity to the abbot's house, that he might have a constant See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye over them . The buildings devoted to hospitality are divided into three groups,--one for the reception of distinguished guests, another for monks visiting the monastery, a third for poor travellers and pilgrims . The first and third are placed to the right and See also:

• LEFT

left of the common entrance of the monastery,—the See also:

• HOSPITIUM (Gr. evia, IrpoEevia)

hospitium for distinguished guests being placed on the north side of the church, not far from the abbot's house; that for the poor on the south side next to the See also:

• FARM

farm buildings . The monks are lodged in a guest-house built against the north wall of the church . The group of buildings connected with the material wants of the establishment is placed to the south and west of the church, and is distinctly separated from the monastic buildings . The kitchen, See also:

• BUTTERY (from O. Fr. boterie, Late Lat. botaria, a place where liquor is stored, from butta, a cask)

buttery and offices are reached by a passage from the west end of the refectory, and are connected with the bakehouse and brewhouse, which are placed still farther away . The whole of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and western sides is devoted to workshops, stables and farm-buildings .

The buildings, with some exceptions, seem to have been of one See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story only, and all but the church were probably erected of wood . The whole includes See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three separate blocks . The church (D) is cruciform, with a See also:

• NAVE

nave of nine bays, and a semicircular apse at either extremity . That to the west is surrounded by a semicircular See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade, leaving an open " See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise " (E) between it and the wall of the church . The wholearea is divided by screeqs into various chapels . The high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar (A) stands immediately to the east of the See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept, or See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir; the altar of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul (B) in the eastern, and that of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter (C) in the western apse . A cylindrical campanile stands detached from the church on either side of the western apse (FF) .