ABERDEENSHIRE  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, bounded N. and E. by the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, S. by Kincardine, See also:

• FORFAR

Forfar and See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth, and W. by See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness and See also:

• BANFF

Banff . It has a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line of 65 m., and is the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth Scottish county in See also:

• AREA

area, occupying 1,261,887 acres or 1971 sq. m . The county is generally hilly, and from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, near the centre of Scotland, the See also:

• GRAMPIANS, THE

Grampians send out various branches, mostly to the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The See also:

• SHIRE

shire is popularly divided into five districts . Of these the first is See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar, mostly between the See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee and See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don, which nearly covers the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• HALF

half of the county and contains the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen . It is mountainous, especially See also:

• BRAEMAR

Braemar (q.v.), which contains the greatest See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of elevated See also:

• LAND

land in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles . The See also:

• SOIL

soil on the Dee is sandy, and on the Don loamy . The second See also:

• DISTRICT

district, Formartine, between the See also:

• LOWER

lower Don and Ythan, has a sandy coast, which is succeeded inland by a clayey, fertile, tilled See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, and then by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

moors, mosses and tilled land . See also:

• BUCHAN, EARLS OF
• BUCHAN, ELSPETH (1738–1791)
• BUCHAN, PETER (1790–1854)

Buchan, the third district, lies north of the Ythan, and, comprising the north-east of the county, is next in See also:

• SIZE

size to Mar, parts of the coast being bold and rocky, the interior See also:

• BARE

bare, low, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, undulating and in places peaty . On the coast, 6 m . S. of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, are the Bullers of Buchan—a See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin in which the sea, entering by a natural See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, boils up violently in stormy See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . Buchan Ness is the most easterly point of Scotland .

The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth district, Garioch, in the centre of the shire, is a beautiful, undulating, loamy, fertile valley. formerly called the granary of Aberdeen . Strathbogie, the fifth district, occupying a consider-able area south of the Deveron, mostly consists of hills, moors and mosses . The mountains are the most striking of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical features of the county . See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben Macdhui (4296 ft.), a magnificent mass, the second highest See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, Braeriach (4248), Cairntoul (4241), Ben-na-bhuaird (3924), Ben See also:

• AVON

Avon (3843), " dark " Lochnagar (3786), the subject of a well-known See also:

• SONG

song by See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, See also:

• CAIRN (in Gaelic and Welsh, Carn)

Cairn Eas (3556), Sgarsoch (3402), Culardoch '(29J3), are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal heights in the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Mar . Farther north rise the See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

Buck of Cabrach (2368) on the See also:

• BANFFSHIRE

Banffshire border, Tap o' Noth (1830), Bennachie (1698), a beautiful See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak which from its central position is a landmark visible from many different parts of the county, and which is celebrated in See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Imlah's song, "O See also:

• GIN

gin I were where Gadie rins," and Foudland `(1529) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are the Dee, 90 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long; the Don, 82 m . ; the Ythan, 37 m., with See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel-beds at its mouth; the Ugie, 2o. m., and the Deveron, 62 m., partly on the boundary of Banffshire . The rivers abound with See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon and See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, and the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl mussel occurs in the Ythan and Don . A valuable pearl in the Scottish See also:

• CROWN

crown is said to be from the Ythan . See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

Loch Muick, the largest of the few lakes in the county, 1310 ft. above the sea, 22 M. long and s to a m. broad, lies some 8i m . S.W. of See also:

• BALLATER (Gaelic for " the town on a sloping hill ")

Ballater, and has Altnagiuthasch, a royal See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting-See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box, near its south-western end . Loch Strathbeg, 6 m .

S.E. of See also:

• FRASERBURGH

Fraserburgh, is only separated from the sea by a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of land . There are noted chalybeate springs at See also:

• PETERHEAD

Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and Pannanich near Ballater . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The greater See also:

• PART

part of the county is composed of crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists belonging to the metamorphic rocks of the Eastern See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands . In the upper parts of the valleys of the Dee and the Don they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form well-marked See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, of which the most characteristic are (1) the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black schists and phyllites, with calcflintas, and a thin See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• TREMOLITE

tremolite See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, (2) the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main or See also:

• BLAIR, FRANCIS PRESTON (1791–1876)
• BLAIR, HUGH (1718-1800)
• BLAIR, JAMES (1656`1743)
• BLAIR, ROBERT (1699—1746)

Blair See also:

• ATHOLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• ATHOLL, or ATHOLE

Atholl limestone, (3) the See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite . These divisions are folded on highly inclined or See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical axes trending north-east and south-west, and hence the same zones are repeated over a considerable area . The quartzite is generally regarded as the highest member of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . Excellent sections showing the component strata occur in Glen Clunie and its tributary valleys above Braemar . Eastwards down the Dee and the Don and northwards across the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Buchan towards Rattray Head and Fraserburgh there is a development of See also:

• BIOTITE

biotite See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, partly of sedimentary and perhaps partly of igneous origin . A See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate which has been quarried for roofing purposes runs along the west border of the county from See also:

• TURRIFF

Turriff by Auchterless and the Foudland Hills towards the Tap o' Noth near Gartly . The metamorphic rocks have been invaded by igneous materials, some before, and by far the larger series after the folding of the strata . The basic types of the former are represented by the sills of See also:

• EPIDIORITE

epidiorite and See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende gneiss in Glen Muick and Glen Callater, which have been permeated by See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• PEGMATITE (from Gr. 1r3 y ea, a bond)

pegmatite in See also:

• VEINS

veins and lenticles, often foliated . The later granites subsequent to the plication of the schists have a wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution on the Ben Macdhui and Ben Avon range, and on Lochnagar; they stretch eastwards from Ballater by Tarland to Aberdeen and north to Bennachie .

Isolated masses appear at Peterhead and at Strichen . Though consisting mainly of biotite granite, these later intrusions pass by intermediate stages into See also:

• DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite, as in the area between Balmoral and the head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Gairn . The granites have been extensively quarried at Rubislaw, Peter-head and Kemnay . See also:

• SERPENTINE

Serpentine and troctolite, the precise See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of which is uncertain, occur at the Black See also:

• DOG

Dog See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock north of Aberdeen, at Belhelvie and near Old Meldrum . Where the schists of sedimentary origin have been pierced by these igneous intrusions, they are charged with contact minerals such as See also:

• SILLIMANITE

sillimanite, cordierite, kyanite and See also:

• ANDALUSITE

andalusite . Cordierite-bearing rocks occur near Ellon, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of Bennachie; and on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the Buck of Cabrach . A banded and mottled calc-silicate See also:

• HORNFELS (a German word meaning hornstone)

hornfels occurring with the limestone at Derry Falls, W . N.W. of Braemar, has yielded malacolite, See also:

• WOLLASTONITE

wollastonite, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown idocrase, See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet, See also:

• SPHENE

sphene and hornblende . A larger See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of minerals hasbeen obtained from an exposure of limestone and associated beds in Glen Gairn, about four See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above the point where that See also:

• RIVER

river joins the Dee . Narrow belts of Old Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, resting unconformably on the old See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of slates and schists, have been traced from the north coast at Peterhead by Turriff to Fyvie, and also from See also:

• HUNTLY
• HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Huntly by Gartly to Kildrummy See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . The strata consist mainly of conglomerates and sandstones, which, at Gartly and at Rhynie, are associated with lenticular bands of See also:

• ANDESITE

andesite indicating contemporaneous volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action . Small outliers of See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate and sandstone of this age have recently been found in the course of excavations in Aberdeen .

The glacial deposits, 'especially in the belt bordering the coast between Aberdeen and Peterhead, furnish important See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . The See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice moved eastwards off the high ground at the head of the Dee and the Don, while the mass spreading outwards from the See also:

• MORAY

Moray See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth invaded the low See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of Buchan; but at a certain See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage there was a marked defection northwards parallel with the coast, as proved by the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of red See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay north of Aberdeen . At a later date the See also:

• LOCAL

local glaciers laid down materials on top of the red clay . The See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee appointed by the British Association (See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report for 1897, p . 333) proved that the See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand, which has yielded a large See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of Cretaceous fossils at Moreseat, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of See also:

• CRUDEN
• CRUDEN, ALEXANDER (1701-1770)

Cruden, occurs in glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift, resting probably on granite . The strata from which the Moreseat fossils were derived are not now found in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in that part of Scotland, but Mr See also:

• JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE (1811-1869)

Jukes Brown considers that the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon of the fossils is that of the lower Greensand of the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight or the Aptien stage of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• CHALK

Chalk flints are widely distributed in the drift between Fyvie and the east coast of Buchan . At Plaidy a patch of clay with Liassic fossils occurs . At several localities between Logie Coldstone and Dinnet a deposit of diatomite (Kieselguhr) occurs beneath the See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The tops of the highest mountains have an See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic flora . At the royal See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge on Loch Muick, 1350 ft. above the sea, grow larches, vegetables, currants, laurels, See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses, &c . Some ash-trees, four or five feet in girth, are growing at 1300 ft. above the sea .

Trees, especially Scotch See also:

• FIR

fir and See also:

• LARCH (from the Ger. Larche, M.H.G. Lerche, Lat. larix)

larch, grow well, and Braemar is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in natural See also:

• TIMBER

timber, said to surpass any in the north of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Stumps of Scotch fir and See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak found in peat are sometimes far larger than any now growing . The See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole is found at 'Soo ft. above the sea, and the See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel at 1400 . See also:

• GROUSE

Grouse, partridges and See also:

• HARES

hares are plentiful, and rabbits are often too numerous . Red See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer abound in Braemar, the deer See also:

• FOREST

forest being the most extensive in Scotland . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The climate, except in the mountainous districts, is comparatively mild, owing to the proximity of much of the shire to the sea . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature at Braemar is 43.6 F., and at Aberdeen 45.8° . The mean yearly rainfall varies from about.30 to 37 M . The summer climate of the upper Dee and Don valleys is the driest and most bracing in the British Isles, and See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is cultivated up to 1600 ft. above the sea, or 400 to 500 ft. higher than elsewhere in North Britain . Poor, gravelly, clayey and peaty soils prevail, but See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-draining, bones and See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano, and the best methods of See also:

• MODERN

modern tillage, have greatly increased the produce . Indeed, in no part of Scotland has a more productive soil been made out of such unpromising material . See also:

• FARM

Farm-houses and steadings have much improved, and the best agricultural implements and See also:

• MACHINES

machines are in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use .

About two-thirds of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population depend entirely on agriculture . Farms are small compared with those in the south-eastern counties . Oats are the predominant See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat has practically gone out of cultivation, but See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley has largely increased . The most distinctive See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-feeding . A great number of the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-bred crosses are fattened for the See also:

• LONDON

London and local markets, and Irish animals are imported on an extensive See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale for the same purpose, while an exceedingly heavy business in dead See also:

• MEAT

meat for London and the south is done all over the county . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep, horses and pigs are also raised in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries.—A large fishing population in villages along the coast engage in the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery, which is the next most important industry to agriculture, its development having been due almost exclusively to the introduction of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam trawlers . The See also:

• TOTAL

total value of the annual catch, of which between a half and a third consists of See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings, amounts to £r,000,000 . Had-docks are salted and rock-dried (speldings) or smoked (finnans) . The ports and creeks are divided into the fishery districts of Peterhead, Fraserburgh and Aberdeen, the last of which in-eludes also three See also:

• KINCARDINESHIRE, or THE MEARNS

Kincardineshire ports . The herring See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season for Aberdeen, Peterhead and Fraserburgh is from See also:

• JUNE

June to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, at which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the ports are crowded with boats from other Scottish districts . There are valuable salmonfishings—See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod, See also:

• NET

net and stake-net—on the Dee, Don, Ythan and Ugie .

The See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual despatch of salmon from Aberdeen-shire is about 400 tons . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—Manufactures are mainly prosecuted in or near the city of Aberdeen, but throughout the rural districts there is much milling of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and tile making, See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

smith-See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• BREWING

brewing and distilling, See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart and farm-See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement making, casting and drying of peat, and timber-See also:

• FELLING

felling, especially on Deeside and Donside, for See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit-props, railway sleepers, laths and See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-staves . There are a number of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making establishments, most of them on the Don near Aberdeen . The chief source of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth is the noted durable granite, which is quarried at Aberdeen, Kemnay, Peterhead and else-where . An See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre of land on being reclaimed has yielded £40 to £5o See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of cawsewaying stones . Sandstone and other rocks are also quarried at different parts . The imports are mostly See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, timber, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, slate, raw materials for the textile manufactures, wheat, cattle-feeding stuffs, bones, guano, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, alcoholic liquors, fruits . The exports are granite (rough-dressed and polished), See also:

• FLAX

flax, woollen and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, paper, combs, preserved provisions, oats, barley, live and dead cattle . Communications.—From the south Aberdeen city is approached by the Caledonian (via Perth, Forfar and See also:

• STONEHAVEN (locally Stanehive)

Stonehaven), and the North British (via See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee, See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose and Stonehaven) See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and the shire is also served by the Great North of Scotland railway, whose main line runs via See also:

• KINTORE

Kintore and Huntly to See also:

• KEITH
• KEITH, FRANCIS EDWARD JAMES (1696-1758)
• KEITH, GEORGE (c. 1639-1716)
• KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE, VISCOUNT (1746-1823)

Keith and See also:

• ELGIN

Elgin . There are See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines from various points opening up the more populous districts, as from Aberdeen to Ballater by Deeside, from Aberdeen to Fraserburgh (with a branch at Maud for Peterhead and at Ellon for Cruden See also:

• BAY

Bay and Boddam), from Kintore to See also:

• ALFORD, HENRY (1810–1871)

Alford, and from See also:

• INVERURIE

Inverurie to Old Meldrum and also to See also:

• MACDUFF

Macduff . By sea there is See also:

• REGULAR

regular communication with London, See also:

• LEITH

Leith, Inverness, See also:

• WICK

Wick, the Orkneys and Shetlands, See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland and the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The highest of the macadamized roads See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the eastern Grampians rises to a point 2200 ft. above sea-level .

Population and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—In 1891 the population numbered 284,036 and in 1901 it was 304,439 (of whom 159,603 were See also:

• FEMALES

females), or 154 persons to the sq. m . In 1901 there were 8 persons who spoke Gaelic only, and 1333 who spoke Gaelic and See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The chief towns are Aberdeen (pop. in 1901, 153,503), Bucksburn (2231), Fraserburgh (91o5), I-Iuntly (4136), Inverurie (3624), Peterhead (11,794), Turriff (2273) . The Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of See also:

• JUSTICIARY, HIGH COURT OF

Justiciary sits in Aberdeen to try cases from the counties of Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine . The three counties are under a See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff, and there are two sheriffs-substitute See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in Aberdeen, who sit also at Fraserburgh, Huntly, Peterhead and Turriff . The sheriff courts are held in Aberdeen and Peterhead . The county sends two members to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament -one for East Aberdeenshire and the other for West Aberdeen-shire . The county See also:

• TOWN

town, Aberdeen (q.v.), returns two members . Peterhead, Inverurie and Kintore belong to the Elgin See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary burghs, the other constituents being Banff, See also:

• CULLEN
• CULLEN, PAUL (1803–1878)
• CULLEN, W
• CULLEN, WILLIAM (1710-179o)

Cullen and Elgin . The county is under school-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, and there are also several voluntary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . There are higher-class schools in Aberdeen, and secondary schools at Huntly, Peterhead and Fraserburgh, and many of the other schools in the county See also:

• EARN

earn grants for secondary See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The County Secondary Education Committee dispense a large sum, partly granted by the education See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department and partly contributed by local authorities from the "See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue" See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant, and support, besides the schools mentioned, local, classes and lecturesin agriculture, fishery and other technical subjects, in addition to subsidizing the agricultural department of the university of Aberdeen .

The higher branches of education have always been thoroughly taught in the schools throughout the shire, and pupils have long been in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of going directly from the schools to the university . The native Scots are long-headed, shrewd, careful, canny, active, persistent, but reserved and See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt, and without See also:

• DEMONSTRATIVE

demonstrative See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . They have a See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy distinct from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Scottish See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and have a See also:

• QUICK

quick, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, rather angry See also:

• ACCENT

accent . The local Scots See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect is broad, and rich in diminutives, and is noted for the use of e for o or u, f for wh, d for th, &c . So recently as I 83o Gaelic was the fireside See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of almost every See also:

• FAMILY

family in Braemar, but now it is little used . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country now forming the shires of Aberdeen and Banff was originally peopled by See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Picts, whom See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy called Taixali, the territory being named Taixalon . Their town of Devana, once supposed to be the modern Aberdeen, has been identified by Prof . John See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart with a site in the parish of Peterculter, where there are remains of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at Normandykes, and by Dr W . F . See also:

• SKENE, WILLIAM FORBES (1809–1892)

Skene with a station on Loch Davan, west of Aboyne . So-called See also:

• ROMAN

Roman camps have also been discovered on the upper Ythan and Deveron, but evidence of effective Roman occupation is still to seek . Traces of the native inhabitants, however, are much less equivocal .

Weems or See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-houses are fairly See also:

• COMMON

common in the west . See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

Relics of crannogs or See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake-dwellings exist at Loch Ceander, or Kinnord, 5 M. north-east of Ballater, at Loch Goul in the parish of New Machar and elsewhere . See also:

• DUNS

Duns or forts occur on hills at Dunecht, where the dun encloses an area of two acres, See also:

• BARRA, or BARRAY (Scand. Baraey, isle of the ocean)

Barra near Old Meldrum, Tap o' Noth, Dunnideer near Insch and other places . Monoliths, See also:

• STANDING

standing stones and "Druidical" circles of the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period abound, and there are many examples of the sculptured stones of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . Efforts to convert the Picts were begun by Ternan in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and continued by See also:

• COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

Columba (who founded a monastery at Old Deer), Drostan, Maluog and Machar, but it was long before they showed lasting results . Indeed, dissensions within the See also:

• COLUMBAN (543-615)

Columban See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy Hann Pictland by the Pictish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Nectan in the 8th century undid most of the progress that had been made . The Vikings and Danes periodically raided the coast, but when (1040) See also:

• MACBETH

Macbeth ascended the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Scotland the Northmen, under the guidance of Thorfinn, refrained from further trouble in the north-east . Macbeth was afterwards slain at Lumphanan (1057), a cairn on Perkhill marking the spot . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt even in Aberdeenshire . Along with numerous Anglo-Saxon exiles, there also settled in the country Flemings who introduced various industries, See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons who brought farming, and Scandinavians who taught nautical skill . The Celts revolted more than once, but See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm Canmore and his successors crushed them and confiscated their lands . In the reign of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I .

(d . 1124) mention is first made of Aberdeen (originally called AberdSn and, in the Norse sagas, Apardion), which received its See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Will