ABRUZZI E MOLISE  , a See also:

• GROUP

group of provinces (compartimento) of See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, bounded N. by the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ASCOLI
• ASCOLI, GRAZIADIO ISAIA (1829–1907)

Ascoli, N.W. and W. by See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, S.W. by See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• CASERTA

Caserta, S. by See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, E. by See also:

• FOGGIA

Foggia and N.E. by the Adriatic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . It comprises the provinces of See also:

• TERAMO

Teramo (See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1901, 307,444), See also:

• AQUILA
• AQUILA ('AxdXas), (1)
• AQUILA, CASPAR [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1560)
• AQUILA, SERAFINO

Aquila (396,629), See also:

• CHIETI

Chieti (370,907) and See also:

• CAMPOBASSO

Campobasso (366,571), which, under the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, respectively See also:

• BORE

bore the names Abruzzo Uiteriore I., Abruzzo Uiteriore II., Abruzzo Citeriore (the reference being to their distance from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital) and Molise . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 6567 sq. m. and the population (1901) 1,441,551 . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district is mainly mountainous in the interior, including as it does the central portion of the whole See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines and their culminating point, the Gran Sasso d'Italia . Towards the sea the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation is less considerable, the hills consisting mainly of somewhat unstable See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, but the See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of level ground along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast is quite inconsiderable . The coast See also:

• LINE

line itself, though over See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in length, has not a single See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of importance . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate varies considerably with the See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude, the highest peaks being covered with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow for the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• YEAR

year, while the valleys See also:

• RUNNING

running N.E. towards the sea are fertile and well watered by several small See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which are the Tronto, Vomano, See also:

• PESCARA
• PESCARA, FERNANDO FRANCESCO DAVALOS, MARQUIS OF (1489-1525)

Pescara, Sangro, Trigno and Biferno . These are fed by less important streams, such as the Aterno and Gizio, which See also:

• WATER

water the valleys between the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main chains of the Apennines . They are liable to be suddenly swollen by rains, and floods and See also:

• LAND

land-slips often cause considerable damage . This danger has been increased, as elsewhere in Italy, by indiscriminate See also:

• TIMBER

timber-See also:

• FELLING

felling on the higher mountains without See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for re-afforestation, though considerable See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• ELM

elm and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine forests still exist and are the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of wolves, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild boars and even bears . They also afford feeding-ground for large herds of See also:

• SWINE

swine, and the hams and sausages of the Abruzzi enjoy a high reputation . The rearing of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the chief occupation of the inhabitants, and many of them still drive their flocks down to the Campagna di See also:

• ROMA

Roma for the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months and back again in the summer, but more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is now devoted to cultivation .

This flourishes especially in the valleys and in the now drained See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Lago See also:

• FUCINO, LAGO DI [Lat. Lacus Fucinus]

Fucino . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are various, but none of them is of See also:

• GREAT

great importance . Arms and See also:

• CUTLERY (Fr. coutellerie, from the Lat. cultellus, a little knife)

cutlery are produced at Campobasso and Agnone . At the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of Abruzzese See also:

• ART

art, held at Chieti in 1905, See also:

• FINE

fine specimens of goldsmiths' See also:

• WORK

work of the 15th and 16th centuries, of See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica of the 17th and 18th centuries, and of tapestries and laces were brought together; and the See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of some of these is still carried on, the small See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• CASTELLI, IGNAZ FRANZ (1781—1862)

Castelli being the centre of the manufacture . The See also:

• RIVER

river Pescara and its tributary the Tirino See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an important source of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power for generating See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity . The chief towns are (r) Teramo, See also:

• ATRI

Atri, Campli, See also:

• PENNE

Penne, Castellammare Adriatico; (2) Aquila, See also:

• AVEZZANO

Avezzano, See also:

• CELANO

Celano, See also:

• TAGLIACOZZO

Tagliacozzo, See also:

• SULMONA, or SOLMONA (anc. Sulr,'so)

Sulmona; (3) Chieti, See also:

• LANCIANO (anc. Anxanum)

Lanciano, Ortona, See also:

• VASTO (anc. Histonium)

Vasto; (4) Campobasso, Agnone, Isernia . Owing to the nature of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, communications are not easy . See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways are (1) the coast railway (a part of the See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna–See also:

• GALLIPOLI (anc. Callipolis)
• GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaAAiiroXrs)

Gallipoli line), with branches from Giulianova to Teramo and from Termoli to Campobasso; (2) a line diverging S.E. from this at Pescara and running via Sulmona (whence there are branches via Aquila and See also:

• RIETI (anc. Reate)

Rieti to See also:

• TERNI (anc. Interamna Nahars)

Terni, and via Carpinone to (a) Isernia and Caianello, on the line from Rome to Naples, and (b) Campobasso and Benevento), and Avezzano (whence there is a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Roccasecca) to Rome . The name Abruzzi is conjectured to be a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval corruption of See also:

• PRAETUTTII (also called IIpacrerrioi)

Praetuttii . The district was, in Lombard times, part of the duchy of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto, and, under the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, a part of that of See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia; it was first formed into a single province in 1240 by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II., who placed the Justiciarius Aprutii at Solmona and founded the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Aquila . After the Hohenstauffen lost their See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian dominions, the Abruzzi became a province of the Angevin kingdom of Naples, to which it was of great strategic importance . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into three parts was not made until the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The Molise, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, formed part of the Lombard duchy of Benevento, and was,placed under the Justiciarius of Terra di Lavoro by Frederick II.: after various changes it became part of the Capitanata, and was only formed See also:

• ABSALON (c. 1128–1201)

ABSALON 73 into an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent province in 1811 . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people are remark, ably conservative in beliefs, superstitions and traditions . See V . Bindi, Monumenti storici ed artistici degli Abruzzi (Naples, 1889); A. de Nino, Usi e costumi Abruzzesi (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1879-1883) .