See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Achivi)  , one of the four See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief divisions of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek peoples, descended, according to See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, from Achaeus, son of Xuthus, son of Hellen . This Hesiodic See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy connects the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans closely with the See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians, but historically they approach nearer to the Aeolians . Some even hold that See also:

• AEOLUS

Aeolus is only a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Achaeus . In the Homeric poems (moo B.C.) the Achaeans are the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• RACE

race in See also:

• GREECE

Greece; they are represented both in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and in all later traditions as having come into Greece about three generations before the Trojan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (1184 B.c.), i.e. about 1300 B.C . They found the See also:

• LAND

land occupied by a See also:

• PEOPLE

people known by the ancients as See also:

• PELASGIANS

Pelasgians, who continued down to classical times the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population even in the states under Achaean and later under Dorian See also:

• RULE

rule . In some cases it formed a serf class, e.g. the Penestae in See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly, the See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

Helots in See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia and the Gymnesii at See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, whilst it practically composed the whole population of See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia and See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, which never came under either Achaean or Dorian rule . This people had dwelt in the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean from the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, and, though still in the See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze Age at the Achaean See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, had made See also:

• GREAT

great advances in the useful and ornamental arts . They were of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stature, with dark See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and eyes, and generally See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic . Their chief centres were at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus (See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete), in Argolis, Laconia and Attica, in each being ruled by ancient lines of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings . In Argolis Proetus built See also:

• TIRYNS

Tiryns, but later, under See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus, See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae took the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead until the Achaean conquest . All the ancient dynasties traced their descent from See also:

• POSEIDON

Poseidon, who at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Achaean conquest was the chief male divinity of Greece and the islands . The Pelasgians probably spoke an Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language adopted by their conquerors with slight modifications .

(See further PELASGIANS for a discussion of other views.) The Achaeans, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, were tall, See also:

• FAIR

fair-haired and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey-eyed, and their chiefs traced their descent from See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus, who with the Hyperborean See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo was their chief male divinity . They first appear at See also:

• DODONA

Dodona, whence they crossed See also:

• PINDUS

Pindus into Phthiotis . The leaders of the Achaean invasion were See also:

• PELOPS

Pelops, who took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis, and See also:

• AEACUS

Aeacus, who became master of See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina and teas said to have introduced there the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Zeus Panhellenius, whose cult was also set up at See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia . They brought with them See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, which they used for their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long swords and for their cutting implements; the See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume of both sexes was distinct from that of the Pelasgians; they used See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields with a central See also:

• BOSS

boss instead of the 8-shaped or rectangular shields of the latter; they fastened their garments with brooches, an' burned their dead instead of burying them as did the Pelasgians . They introduced a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament (" geometric ") instead of that of the Bronze Age, characterized by spirals and marine animals and See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The Achaeans, or Hellenes, as they were later termed, were on this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis one of the fair-haired tribes of upper See also:

• EUROPE

Europe known to the ancients as Keltoi (Celts), who from time to time have pressed down over the See also:

• ALPS

Alps into the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern lands, successively as Achaeans, Gauls, Goths and See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, and after the conquest of the indigenous small dark race in no long time died out under See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions fatal to their physique and morale . The culture of the Homeric Achaeans corresponds to a large extent with that of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Iron Age of the upper See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube (See also:

• HALLSTATT

Hallstatt) and to the early Iron Age of upper See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (See also:

• VILLANOVA

Villanova) . See W . Ridgeway, The Early Age of Greece (1901), for a detailed discussion of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence; articles by Ridgeway and J . L . Myres in the Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review,' vol. xvi., 1902, pp . 68-93, 135 .

See also J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury's See also:

• HISTORY

History of Greece (1902), and See also:

• ART

art. in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Hellenic Studies, xv., 1895, pp . 217 foll.; G . G . A . See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, Rise of the Greek Epic (1907), See also:

• CHAP

chap. ii.; See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang, Homer and his Age (1906); G . Busolt, Griech . Gesch. ed . 2, vol. i. p . 190 (1893) ; D . B .

See also:

• MONRO, DAVID BINNING (1836-1905)

Monro's ed. of the Iliad (1901), pp . 484-488 . (W .