See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

QUINCY See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

ADAMS (1767-1848)  , eldest son of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, See also:

• SIXTH

sixth president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 11th of See also:

• JULY

July 1767, In tnat See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• BRAINTREE

Braintree that is now See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, and was named after John Quincy (1689-1767), his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's grandfather, who was for many years a prominent member of the Massachusetts legislature . In 1778, and again in 178o, See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Adams accompanied his See also:

• FATHER

father to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; studying in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1778-1779 and at the university of See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden in 1780 . In 178o, also, he began to keep that See also:

• DIARY

diary which forms so conspicuous a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the doings of himself and his .contemporaries . In 1781, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen, he accompanied See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819–'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana (1743-1811), See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, as his private secretary; but Dana was not received by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and in 1782 Adams joined his father at Paris, where he acted as " additional secretary " to the American commissioners in the negotiation of the treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace which concluded the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of American See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence . Instead of accompanying his father to See also:

• LONDON

London, he, of his own choice, returned to Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in 1787, three years later was admitted to practise at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar and at once opened an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston . A See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of papers written by him in which he controverted some of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (1731–1814)
• PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)

Paine's doctrines in the Rights of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, and later another series in which he ably supported the neutral policy of the - See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration toward See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, led to his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment by See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands in May 1794 . There was little for him to do at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, but in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a minister at London, he transacted certain public business with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign secretary . In 1796 Washington appointed him minister to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, but before his departure thither his father John Adams became president and changed his destination to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin (1797) . While there, he'negotiated (1799) a treaty of amity and, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . On Thomas See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson's See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency in 1800, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Adams recalled his son, who returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in 18o, . The next See also:

• YEAR

year, he was elected to the Massachusetts See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, and in 1803 was sent to Washington as a member of the Senate of the United States . Up to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, John Quincy Adams was regarded as belonging to the Federalist party, but he now found its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general policy displeasing to him, was frowned upon, as the son of his father, by the followers of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, and found himself nearly powerless as an unpopular member of an unpopular minority .

He was not now, and indeed never was, a strict party man . On the first important question that came before him in the Senate, the acquisition of See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana, he voted with the Republicans, regardless of the opposition of his own See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1807 he warmly seconded Jefferson's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of an See also:

• EMBARGO (a Spanish word meaning " stoppage ")

embargo and vigorously urged instant See also:

• ACTION

action, saying: "The president has recommended the measure on his high responsibility . I would not consider, I would not deliberate; I would See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act!" Within five See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the Senate had passed the Embargo See also:

• BILL

Bill and sent it to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House . The support of a measure so unpopular in New England caused him to be hated by the Federalists there and cost him his seat in the Senate; his successor was chosen on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1808, several months before the usual time of filling the vacancy, and five days later Adams resigned . In the same year he attended the Republican congressional See also:

• CAUCUS

caucus which nominated See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison for the presidency, and thus definitely joined the Republicans . From 1806 to 1809 Adams was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory at Harvard . In 1809 President Madison sent Adams to Russia to represent the United States . He arrived at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg at the psycho-logical moment when the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar had made up his mind to break with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Adams therefore met with a favourable reception and a disposition to further the interests of American commerce in every possible way . On the outbreak of the war between the United States and England in 1812, he was still at St Petersburg . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September of that year, the Russian government suggested that the tsar was willing to act as mediator between the two belligerents .

Madison precipitately accepted this proposition and sent See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• GALLATIN, ALBERT (1761-1849)

Gallatin and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard to act as commissioners with Mr Adams; but England would have nothing to do with it . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1814, however, these See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle-men, with See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay and See also:

• JONATHAN
• JONATHAN (Heb. " Yah [weh] gives ")

Jonathan See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell, began negotiations with English commissioners which resulted in the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the treaty of See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent on the 24th of December of that year . After this Adams visited Paris, where he witnessed the return of Napoleon from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba, and then went to London, where, with Henry Clay and Albert Gallatin, he negotiated (1815) a " See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention to Regulate Commerce and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation." Soon after-wards he became U.S. minister to See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, as his father had been before him, and as his son, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Francis Adams, was after him . After accomplishing little in London, he returned to the United States in the summer of 1817 to become secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of President See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe . As secretary of state, Adams played the leading part in two most important episodes,—the acquisition of See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida and the promulgation of the Monroe See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine . Ever since the acquisition of Louisiana successive administrations had sought to include a part at least of Florida in that See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase . In 1819, after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long negotiations, Adams succeeded in bringing the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish minister to the point of See also:

• SIGNING

signing a treaty in which the Spaniards abandoned all claims to territory See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, and the United States relinquished all claim to what is now known as See also:

• TEXAS

Texas . Before the Spanish government ratified the treaty in 1820, See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, including Texas, had thrown off See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the mother See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the United States had occupied Florida by force of arms . The Monroe Doctrine (q.v.) rightly bears the name of the president who in 1823 assumed the responsibility for its promulgation; but it was primarily the See also:

• WORK

work of John Quincy Adams . The eight years of Monroe's presidency (1817–1825) are known as the " Era of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good Feeling." As his second See also:

• TERM

term See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, there was a great lack of good feeling among his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official advisers, three of whom—Adams, secretary of state, See also:

• CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL (1782-185o)

Calhoun, secretary of war, and See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford, secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury—aspired to succeed him in his high office . In addition, Henry Clay and See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson were also candidates . Calhounwas nominated for the See also:

• VICE

vice-presidency .

Of the other four, Jackson received 99 electoral votes, Adams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37; as no one had a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, the decision was made by the House of Representatives, which was confined in its choice to the three candidates who had received the largest number of votes . Clay, who was See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of Representatives, and had for years assumed a censorious attitude toward Jackson, See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence for Adams and thereby secured his election on the first See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot . A few days later Adams offered Clay the secretaryship of state, which was accepted . The wholly unjust and baseless See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of " bargain and corruption " followed, and the See also:

• FEUD

feud thus created between Adams and Jackson greatly influenced the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the United States . Up to this point Adams's career had been almost uniformly successful, but his presidency (1825–1829) was in most respects a failure, owing to the virulent opposition of the Jacksonians; in 1828 Jackson was elected president over Adams . It was during his administration that irreconcilable See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed between the followers of Adams and the followers of See also:

• JACK

Jack-son, the former becoming known as the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Republicans, who with the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Masons were the precursors of the Whigs . In 1829 Adams retired to private See also:

• LIFE

life in the See also:

• TOWN

town of Quincy; but only for a brief See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, for in 1830, largely by Anti-Masonic votes, he was elected a member of the national House of Representatives . On its being suggested to him that his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of this position would degrade an ex-president, Adams replied that no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person could be degraded by serving the See also:

• PEOPLE

people as a representative in See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress or, he added, as a selectman of his town . His service in congress from 1831 until his See also:

• DEATH

death is, in some respects, the most noteworthy part of his career . Through-out he was conspicuous as an opponent of the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, though he was never technically an abolitionist, and in particular he was the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion in the House of Representatives of the right of See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition at a time when, through the influence of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern members, this right was, in practice, denied by that See also:

• BODY

body . His prolonged fight for the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the so-called" Gag See also:

• LAWS

Laws " is one of the most dramatic contests in the history of congress . The agitation for the abolition of slavery, which really began in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Liberator by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845— )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627–1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813–1893)

Lloyd See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

Garrison in 1831, soon led to the sending of innumerable petitions to congress for the abolition of slavery in the See also:

• DISTRICT

District of See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia, over which the Federal government had See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, and for other action by congress with respect to that institution .

These petitions were generally sent to Adams for presentation . They aroused the anger of the See also:

• PRO

pro-slavery members of congress, who, in 1836, brought about the passage of the first " Gag See also:

• RULE

Rule," the See also:

• PINCKNEY, CHARLES (1757–1824)
• PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH (1746–1825)
• PINCKNEY, THOMAS (1750-1828)

Pinckney See also:

• RESOLUTION

Resolution, presented by Henry L . Pinckney, of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Carolina . It provided that all petitions See also:

• RELATING

relating to slavery should be laid on the table without being referred to See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee or printed; and, in substance, this resolution was re-adopted at the beginning of each of the immediately succeeding sessions of congress, the See also:

• PATTON, FRANCIS LANDEY (1843- )

Patton Resolution being adopted in 1837, the See also:

• ATHERTON, or CHOWBENT

Atherton Resolution, or " Atherton Gag," in 1838, and the Twenty-first Rule in 184o and subsequently until repealed . Adams contended that these " Gag Rules " were a See also:

• DIRECT

direct violation of the First See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

Amendment to the Federal Constitution, and refused to be silenced on the question, fighting for repeal with indomitable courage, in spite of the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter denunciation of his opponents . Each year the number of anti-slavery petitions received and presented by him increased; perhaps the See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax was in 1837, when Adams presented a petition from twenty-two slaves, and, when threatened by his opponents with censure, defended himself with remarkable keenness and ability . At each session, also, the majority against him decreased until in 1844 his See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion to repeal the Twenty-first Rule was carried by a See also:

• VOTE

vote of 108 to 8o and his See also:

• BATTLE

battle was won . On the 21st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1848, after having suffered a previous stroke of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy, he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell insensible on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the Representatives' chamber, and two days later died . Few men in American public life have possessed more See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth, more independence, more public spirit and more ability than Adams, but throughout his See also:

• POLITICAL

political career he was handicapped by a certain reserve, a certain austerity and coolness of manner, and by his consequent inability to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the imaginations and affections of the people as a whole . He had, indeed, few intimate political or See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and few men in American history have, during their lifetime, been regarded with so much hostility and attacked with so much rancour by their political opponents .