See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

MICHEL See also:

• MICHEL ADANSON (1727-1806)

ADANSON (1727-1806)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French naturalist, of Scottish descent, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 7th of See also:

• APRIL

April .1727, at See also:

• AIX

Aix, in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence . After leaving the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College Sainte Barbe in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, he was employed in the cabinets of R . A . F . See also:

• REAUMUR, RENE ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE (1683-1757)

Reaumur and See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard de See also:

• JUSSIEU, DE

Jussieu, as well as in the Jardin See also:

• DES

des Plantes . At the end of 1748 he See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France on an exploring expedition to See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal, which from the unhealthiness of its See also:

• CLIMATE

climate was a terra incognita to naturalists . His ardour remained unabated during the five years of his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . He collected and described, in greater or less detail, an immense number of animals and See also:

• PLANTS

plants; collected specimens of every See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce; delineated maps of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; made systematic meteorological and astronomical observations; and prepared grammars and dictionaries of the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages spoken on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Senegal . After his return to Paris in 1754 he made use of a small portion of the materials he had collected in his Histoire naturelle du Senegal (Paris, 1757) . This See also:

• WORK

work has a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest from the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on shells, printed at the end of it, where See also:

• ADANSON, MICHEL (1727-1806)

Adanson proposed his universal method, a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification distinct from those of See also:

• BUFFON, GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE (1707-1788)

Buffon and See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus . He founded his classification of all organized beings on the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of each individual See also:

• ORGAN

organ . As each organ gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to new relations, so he established a corresponding number of arbitrary arrangements .

Those beings possessing the greatest number of similar See also:

• ORGANS

organs were referred to one See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, and the relationship was considered more remote in proportion to the dissimilarity of organs . In 1763 he published his Families naturelles des planks . In this work he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the principle of arrangement above mentioned, which, in its adherence to natural botanical relations, was based on the system of J . P . See also:

• TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE (1656-1708)

Tournefort, and had been anticipated to some extent nearly a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray . The success of this work was hindered by its innovations in the use of terms, which were ridiculed by the defenders of the popular sexual system of Linnaeus; but it did much to open the way for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment, by means principally of A . L. de Jussieu's Genera Plantarum (1789), of the natural method of the classification of plants . In 1774 Adanson submitted to the consideration of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences an immense work, extending to all known beings and substances . It consisted of 27 large volumes of See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, employed in displaying the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general relations of all these matters, and their See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution; 150 volumes more, occupied with the alphabetical arrangement of 40,000 See also:

• SPECIES

species; a vocabulary, containing 200,000 words, with their explanations; and a number of detached See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, 40,000 figures and 30,000 specimens of the three kingdoms of nature . The See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee to which the inspection of this enormous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass was entrusted strongly recommended Adanson to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate and publish all that was peculiarly his own, leaving out what was merely compilation . He obstinately rejected this See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice; and the huge work, at which he continued to labour, was never published . He had been elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1759, and he-See also:

• ADDAX

ADDAX 183 latterly subsisted on a small See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension it had conferred on him .

Of this he was deprived in the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Academy by the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, and was consequently reduced to such a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of poverty as to be unable to appear before the French See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute when it invited him to take his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among its members . Afterwards he was granted a pension sufficient to relieve his See also:

• SIMPLE

simple wants . He died at Paris after months of severe suffering, on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18o6, requesting, as the only decoration of his See also:

• GRAVE

grave, a See also:

• GARLAND, JOHN (fl. 1202—1252)

garland of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers gathered from the fifty-eight families he had differentiated—" a touching though transitory See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image," says See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, " of the more durable See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument which he has erected to himself in his See also:

• WORKS

works." Besides the books already mentioned he published papers on the See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• WORM

worm, the See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, the Adansonia digitata of Linnaeus, the origin of the varieties of cultivated plants, and See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum-producing trees .