See also:

• ADRAR (Berber for "uplands ")

ADRAR (See also:

• BERBER

Berber for "uplands ")  , the name of various districts of the Saharan See also:

• DESERT

desert, See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . See also:

• ADRAR (Berber for "uplands ")

Adrar Suttuf is a hilly region forming the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of the Rio de Oro (q.v.) . Adrar or Adrar el Jebli, otherwise Adghagh, is a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

Timbuktu . It is the headquarters of the Awellimiden See also:

• TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective form of tarki, from Arabic terek, to give up)

Tuareg (see TUAREG and See also:

• SAHARA

SAHARA) . Adrar n'Ahnet and Adrar Adhafar are smaller regions in the Ahnet See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Insalah . Adrar Temur, the country usually referred to when Adrar is spoken of, is in the western Sahara, 300 M. north of the See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal and separated on the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west from Adrar Suttuf by wide valleys and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• DUNES

dunes . Adrar is within the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general barren, the country contains several oases, with a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 1o,000 . In 1900 the See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of Atar, on the western See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the territory, was reached by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Blanchet, previously known for his researches on See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BERBER

Berber remains in See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria . (Blanchet died in Senegal on the 6th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1900, a few days after his return from Adrar.) Atar is inhabited by Arab and Berber tribes, and is described as a wretched spot . The other centres of population are Shingeti, Wadan and Ujeft, Shingeti being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief commercial centre, whence caravans take to St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-dust, See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich feathers and See also:

• DATES

dates . A considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade ig also done in See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt from the sebkha of Ijil, in the north-west .

Adrar occupies the most elevated part of a plateau which ends westwards in a steep escarpment and falls to the east in a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of steps . Adrar or Adgar is also the name sometimes given to the chief See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in the oasis of See also:

• TUAT

Tuat in the Algerian Sahara . ADRASTUS, in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, was the son of Talaus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, and Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, king of See also:

• SICYON, or SECYON (the latter being the older form used by the natives)

Sicyon . Having been driven from Argos by See also:

• AMPHIARAUS

Amphiaraus, Adrastus fled to Sicyon, where he became king on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Polybus . After a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he became reconciled to Amphiaraus, gave him his See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• ERIPHYLE

Eriphyle in See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and returned to Argos and occupied the See also:

• THRONE

throne . In consequence of an See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle which had commanded him to marry his daughters to a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and a See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, he wedded them to Polyneices and See also:

• TYDEUS

Tydeus, two fugitives, clad in the skins of these animals or carrying See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields with their figures on them, who claimed his hospitality . He was the instigator of the famous See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes for the restoration of his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Polyneices, who had been deprived of his rights by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ETEOCLES

Eteocles . Adrastus, followed by Polyneices and Tydeus, his two sons-in-law, Amphiaraus, his brother-in-law, Capaneus, Hippomedon and Parthenopaeus, marched against the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Thebes, and on his way is said to have founded the Nemean See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games . This is the expedition of the " Seven against Thebes," which the poets have made nearly as famous as the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy . As Amphiaraus had foretold, they all lost their lives in this war except Adrastus, who was saved by the See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• ARION

Arion (Iliad, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 346) . Ten years later, at the instigation of Adrastus, the war was renewed by the sons of the chiefs who had fallen .

This expedition was called the war of the " See also:

• EPIGONI (" descendants ")

Epigoni " or descendants, and ended in the taking and destruction of Thebes . None of the followers of Adrastus perished except his son Aegialeus, and this affected him so greatly that he died of grief at See also:

• MEGARA

Megara, as he was leadingwas famous in See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day for a See also:

• SPECIAL

special breed of fowls . Even at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, however, the silt brought down by the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers rendered See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour difficult, and the historian See also:

• PHILISTUS

Philistus excavated a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to give See also:

• FREE

free access to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . This was still open in the imperial period, and the See also:

• TOWN

town, which was a See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium, possessed its own gild of sailors; but its importance gradually decreased . Its remains See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie from io to 20 ft. below the See also:

• MODERN

modern level . The Museo Civico and the Bocchi collection contain antiquities . See R . Schone, Le antichitd del Museo Bocchi di See also:

• ADRIA (anc. Atria; the form Adria or Hadria is less correct: Hatria was a town in Picenum, the modern Atri)

Adria (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1878) . (T . As.) See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

ADRIAN, or See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

HADRIAN (See also:

• LAT

Lat . Hadrianus), the name of six popes . ADRIAN I., See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from 772 to 795, was the son of See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore, a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman nobleman .

Soon after his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession the territory that had been bestowed on the popes by See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin was invaded by See also:

• DESIDERIUS

Desiderius, king of the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards, and Adrian found it necessary to invoke the aid of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, who entered See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy with a large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, besieged Desiderius in his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, took that town, banished the Lombard king to See also:

• CORBIE (Lat. corvus)

Corbie in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• UNITED

united the Lombard See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom with the other Frankish possessions . The pope, whose expectations had been aroused, had to content himself with some additions to the duchy of Rome, and to the Exarchate, and the Pentapolis . In his contest with the Greek See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and the Lombard princes of See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, Adrian remained faithful to the Frankish See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, and the friendly relations between pope and See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor were not disturbed by the difference which arose between them on the question of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of images, to which Charlemagne and the Gallican See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church were strongly opposed, while Adrian favoured the views of the Eastern Church, and approved the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea (787), confirming the practice and excommunicating the See also:

• ICONOCLASTS

iconoclasts . It was in connexion with this controversy that Charlemagne wrote the so-called Libri Carolini, to which Adrian replied by See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, anathematizing all who refused to worship the images of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, or the Virgin, or See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . Notwithstanding this, a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, held at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort in 794, anew condemned the practice, and the dispute remained unsettled at Adrian's death . An See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph written by Charlemagne in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, in which he styles Adrian " See also:

• FATHER

father," is still to be seen at the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the Vatican See also:

• BASILICA

basilica . Adrian restored the ancient aqueducts of Rome, and governed his little See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state with a See also:

• FIRM

firm and skilful See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand .