See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the vilayet of See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; 137 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail W.N.W. of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . Pop . (1905) about 80,000, of whom See also:

• HALF

half are See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and half See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, Greeks, Bulgars, Armenians, &c . Adrianople ranks, after Constantinople and See also:

• SALONICA, SALONIKA

Salonica, third in See also:

• SIZE

size and importance among the cities of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Turkey . It is the see of a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, and of one Armenian and two Bulgarian bishops . It is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief fortress near the Bulgarian frontier, being defended by a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of powerful See also:

• MODERN

modern forts . It occupies both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Tunja,, at its confluence with the Maritza, which is navigable to this point in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The nearest See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• PORT

port by rail is See also:

• DEDEAGATCH

Dedeagatch, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Maritza; See also:

• ENOS (anc. Aenos)

Enos, at the river-mouth, is the nearest by See also:

• WATER

water . Adrianople is on the rail-way from See also:

• BELGRADE (Servian, Biograd or Beograd, i.e. " White Castle")

Belgrade and See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia to Constantinople and Salonica . In See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance it is thoroughly See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental—a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of mean, irregular wooden buildings, threaded by narrow tortuous streets, with a few better buildings . Of these the most important are the Idadieh school, the school of arts and crafts, the Jewish communal school; the Greek See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, Zappeion; the Imperial See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• BANK

Bank and See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco Regie; a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower; a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre; palaces for the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, the administrative See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the second See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission; a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-some See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks; a military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital; and a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French hospital . Of earlier buildings, the most distinguished are the Eski Serai, an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and half-ruined See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the sultans; the See also:

• BAZAAR (Pers. bazar, market)

bazaar of See also:

• ALI

Ali See also:

• PASHA

Pasha; and the 16th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan See also:

• SELIM

Selim II., a magnificent specimen of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture .

Adrianople has five suburbs, of which Kiretchhane and Yilderim are on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank of the Maritza, and Kirjik stands on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill overlooking the city . The two Iast named are exclusively Greek, but a large proportion of the inhabitants of Kiretchhane are Bulgarian . These three suburbs —as well as the little See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet of Demirtash, containing about 300 houses all occupied by Bulgars—are all built in the native See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion; but the, fifth suburb, Karagatch, which is on the right bank of the Maritza, and occupies the region between the railway station and the city; is Western in its See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, consisting of detached residences in gardens, many of then handsome villas, and all of modern European type . In all the communities See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools have multiplied, but the new seminaries are of the old non-progressive type . The only exception is the Hamidieh school for boys—a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government institution which takes both boarders and See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day-scholars . Like the See also:

• LYCEUM

Lyceum of Galata Serai in Constantinople, it has two sets of professors, Turkish and French, and a full course of See also:

• EDUCATION

education in each See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, the pupils following both courses . The several communities have each their own charitable institutions, the Jews being specially well endowed in this respect . The Greeks have a See also:

• LITERARY

literary society, and there is a well-organized See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club to which members of all the native communities, as well.as many foreigners, belong . The economic See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Adrianople was much impaired by the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1877-78, and was just showing signs of recovery when, in 1885, the severance from it of Eastern See also:

• RUMELIA, or ROUMELIA (Turkish Rumili, " the land of the Romans," i.e. the East Roman or Byzantine empire)

Rumelia by a Customs See also:

• CORDON (a French derivative of corde, cord)

cordon rendered the situation worse than ever . Adrianople had previously been the commercial headquarters of all See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, and of a large portion of the region between the Balkans and the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube, now See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria . But the separation of Eastern Rumelia isolated Adrianople, and transferred to See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis at least two-thirds of its See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade which, as regards sea-See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne merchandise, is carried on through the port of See also:

• BURGAS (sometimes written Burghaz, Bourgas or Burgas, and, in the middle ages, Pyrgos)

Burgas (q.v.) . The city manufactures See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry, woollens, See also:

• LINEN

linen and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, and has an active See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general trade .

Besides fruits and agricultural produce, its exports include raw silk, cotton, See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose-water, See also:

• ATTAR [or OTTO] OF ROSES (Pers. 'atar, essence)

attar of See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

roses, See also:

• WAX

wax and the dye known as Turkey red . The surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is extremely fertile, and its wines are the best produced in Turkey . The city is supplied with fresh water by means of an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct carried by See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches over an extensive valley . There is also a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Tunja . Adrianople was originally known as Uskadama, Uskudama or Uskodama, but was renamed and enlarged by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian (117-138) . In 378 the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were here defeated by the Goths . Adrianople was the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Turkish sultans from 1361, when it was captured by See also:

• MURAD, or AMURATH

Murad I., until 14J3, when Constantinople See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell . It was occupied by the Russians in 1829 and 1878 (see RUSSO-TURKISH See also:

• WARS

WARS) .