ADRIA (anc. Atria; the

See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Adria or

See also:

• HADRIA [mod. Atri (q.v.)]

Hadria is less correct: Hatria was a

See also:

• TOWN

town in

See also:

• PICENUM

Picenum, the

See also:

• MODERN

modern

See also:

• ATRI

Atri)  , a town and episcopal see of Venetia, Italy, in the province of Rovigo, 15 M . K by rail from the town of Rovigo . It is situated between the mouths of the Adige and the Po, about 13z M. from the sea and but 13 ft. above it . Pop . (1901) 15,678 . The town occupies the site of the ancient Atria, which gave its name to the Adriatic . Its origin is variously ascribed by ancient writers, but it was probably a Venetian, i.e . Illyrian, not an Etruscan, foundation—still less a foundation of Dionysius I. of Syracuse . Imported vases of the second half of the 5th century B.c. prove the existence of trade with Greece at that period; and the town who entered a monastery and left the boy to his own resources . Nicholas went to Paris and finally became a monk of the cloister of St Rufus near Arles . He rose to be prior and in 1137 was unanimously elected abbot . His reforming zeal led to the lodging of complaints against him at Rome; but these merely attracted to him the favourable attention of Eugenius III., who created him cardinal bishop of Albano .

From 1152 to 1154 Nicholas was in Scandinavia as

legate, organizing the affairs of the new Norwegian archbishopric of Trondhjem, and making arrangements which resulted in the recognition of Upsala as seat of the Swedish metropolitan in 1164 . As a compensation for territory thus withdrawn the Danish archbishop of Lund was made legate and perpetual vicar and given the title of primate of Denmark and Sweden . On his return Nicholas was received with great honour by . Anastasius IV., and on the death of the latter was elected pope on the 4th of December 1154 . He at once endeavoured to compass the overthrow of Arnold of Brescia, the leader of anti-papal sentiment in Rome . Disorders ending with the murder of a cardinal led Adrian shortly before Palm Sunday 1155 to take the previously-unheard-of step of putting Rome under the interdict . The senate thereupon exiled Arnold, and the pope, with the impolitic co-operation of Frederick I . Barbarossa, was instrumental in procuring his execution . Adrian crowned the emperor at St Peter's on the 18th of June 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the Romans that the pope had to leave the city promptly, not returning till November 1156 . With the aid of dissatisfied barons, Adrian brought William I. of Sicily into dire straits ; but a change in the fortunes of war led to a settlement (June 1156) not advantageous to the papacy and displeasing to the emperor . At the diet of Besancon in October 1157, the legates presented to Barbarossa a letter from Adrian which alluded to the beneficia conferred upon the emperor, and the German chancellor translated this beneficia in the feudal sense . In the storm which ensued the legates were glad to escape with their lives, and the incident at length closed with a letter from the pope, declaring that by benefccium he meant merely bonum factum .

The

breach subsequently became wider, and Adrian was about to excommunicate the emperor whet), he died at Anagnia on the 1st of September 1159 . A controversy exists concerning an embassy sent by Henry II. of England to Adrian in 1155 . According to the elaborate investigation of Thatcher, the facts seem to be as follows . Henry asked for permission to invade and subjugate Ireland, in order to gain absolute ownership of that isle . Unwilling to grant a request counter to the papal claim (based on the forged Donation of Constantine) to dominion over the islands of the sea, Adrian made Henry a conciliatory proposal, namely, that the king should become hereditary feudal possessor of Ireland while recognizing the pope as overlord . This compromise did not satisfy Henry, so the matter dropped; Henry's subsequent title to Ireland rested on conquest, not on papal concession, and was therefore absolute . The much-discussed bull Laudabiliter is, however, not genuine . See Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, 3rd ed . (excellent bibliography), and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, and ed., under Hadrian IV."; also Oliver J Thatcher, Studies concerning Adrian IV . (The University of (-:hicago: Decennial Publications, 1st series, vol. iv., Chicago, 1903) ; R . Raby, Pope Adrian IV.: An h i,torual Sketch (London, 1849) ; and A . H .

Tarleton, Life of Nicholas Bre:kspear (London, 1896) .