See also:

• ADRIA (anc. Atria; the form Adria or Hadria is less correct: Hatria was a town in Picenum, the modern Atri)

ADRIA (anc. Atria; the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Adria or See also:

• HADRIA [mod. Atri (q.v.)]

Hadria is less correct: Hatria was a See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• PICENUM

Picenum, the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ATRI

Atri)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and episcopal see of See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ROVIGO

Rovigo, 15 M . K by See also:

• RAIL

rail from the town of Rovigo . It is situated between the mouths of the See also:

• ADIGE (Ger. Etsch, anc. Athesis)

Adige and the Po, about 13z M. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and but 13 ft. above it . Pop . (1901) 15,678 . The town occupies the site of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Atria, which gave its name to the Adriatic . Its origin is variously ascribed by ancient writers, but it was probably a Venetian, i.e . Illyrian, not an See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan, See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation—still less a foundation of See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius I. of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse . Imported vases of the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.c. prove the existence of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with See also:

• GREECE

Greece at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period; and the town who entered a monastery and See also:

• LEFT

left the boy to his own resources . See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and finally became a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk of the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister of St See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus near See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles . He See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior and in 1137 was unanimously elected See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot . His reforming zeal led to the lodging of complaints against him at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; but these merely attracted to him the favourable See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III., who created him See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Albano .

From 1152 to 1154 Nicholas was in Scandinavia as See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, organizing the affairs of the new See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian archbishopric of See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem, and making arrangements which resulted in the recognition of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala as seat of the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan in 1164 . As a See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for territory thus withdrawn the Danish See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund was made legate and perpetual See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar and given the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . On his return Nicholas was received with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour by . See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius IV., and on the See also:

• DEATH

death of the latter was elected See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope on the 4th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1154 . He at once endeavoured to See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass the overthrow of See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-papal sentiment in Rome . Disorders ending with the See also:

• MURDER

murder of a cardinal led See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian shortly before See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

Palm See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday 1155 to take the previously-unheard-of step of putting Rome under the See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate thereupon exiled Arnold, and the pope, with the impolitic co-operation of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I . See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, was instrumental in procuring his See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . Adrian crowned the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor at St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's on the 18th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1155, a ceremony which so incensed the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans that the pope had to leave the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city promptly, not returning till See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1156 . With the aid of dissatisfied barons, Adrian brought See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I. of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily into dire straits ; but a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the fortunes of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war led to a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement (June 1156) not advantageous to the papacy and displeasing to the emperor . At the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1157, the legates presented to Barbarossa a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from Adrian which alluded to the beneficia conferred upon the emperor, and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor translated this beneficia in the feudal sense . In the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm which ensued the legates were glad to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape with their lives, and the incident at length closed with a letter from the pope, declaring that by benefccium he meant merely bonum factum .

The See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach subsequently became wider, and Adrian was about to excommunicate the emperor whet), he died at See also:

• ANAGNIA [mod. Anagni; pop. (1901) 10,059]

Anagnia on the 1st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1159 . A controversy exists concerning an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy sent by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to Adrian in 1155 . According to the elaborate investigation of Thatcher, the facts seem to be as follows . Henry asked for permission to invade and subjugate See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to gain See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute ownership of that isle . Unwilling to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request See also:

• COUNTER

counter to the papal claim (based on the forged Donation of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine) to dominion over the islands of the sea, Adrian made Henry a conciliatory proposal, namely, that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king should become hereditary feudal possessor of Ireland while recognizing the pope as overlord . This See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise did not satisfy Henry, so the See also:

• MATTER

matter dropped; Henry's subsequent title to Ireland rested on See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, not on papal concession, and was therefore absolute . The much-discussed See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Laudabiliter is, however, not genuine . See See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, 3rd ed . (excellent bibliography), and Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon, and ed., under See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian IV."; also See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver J Thatcher, Studies concerning Adrian IV . (The University of (-:hicago: Decennial Publications, 1st See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, vol. iv., See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, 1903) ; R . Raby, Pope Adrian IV.: An h i,torual See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1849) ; and A . H .

See also:

• TARLETON, SIR BANASTRE (1754-1833)

Tarleton, See also:

• LIFE

Life of Nicholas Bre:kspear (London, 1896) .