AEDIS  . The space between the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum and the See also:

• TABULARIUM (tabula, board, picture, also archives, records)

Tabularium is occupied by a range of important buildings (see See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of See also:

• PLATE

Plate VIII.) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these is the temple of See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord concord . (see See also:

• FESTUS (? RuFUS or RUFIUS)
• FESTUS, SEXTUS POMPEIUS

Festus, ed . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, p . 347) shown on a fragment of the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, founded by See also:

• CAMILLUS
• CAMILLUS, MARCUS FURIUS

Camillus in 366 B.C . (Plut . See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam . 42), and restored by Opimius after the See also:

• DEATH

death of C . See also:

• GRACCHUS

Gracchus (In B.c.) . It was afterwards rebuilt by Tiberius out of the spoils gained in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; it was rededicated by Tiberius in A.D . IO In his own name and that of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus (who had died in B.C .

9) [See also:

• SUET (M. Eng. sewet, a diminutive of O. Fr. seu, suis, mod. suif, lard, from Lat. sebum, or sebum, tallow, grease, probably allied to sago, soap)

Suet . Tib . 20; Dio . See also:

• CASS, LEWIS (1782–1866)

Cass. lv . 251 . It is shown with unusual minuteness on the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse of a first See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass of Tiberius . The existing remains3 are of the rebuilding by Tiberius, and show that it was unusual in plan, having a large See also:

• CELLA

cella much wider than its See also:

• DEPTH

depth, and a very large projecting See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico . Its construction is an interesting example of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman use of many different materials . The See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part of the walls was of massive tufa blocks, the upper part of the cella of travertine; and the inner See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, which sup-ported ranges of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal columns, was of mixed See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, tufa and travertine . The whole was. lined with marble, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white outside, and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• MARBLES

marbles inside (see fig . 4), which were also used for the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . The See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door-See also:

• SILL
• SILL (O.Eng. syl, Mid. E. sylle, selle; the word appears in Icel. syll, svill, Swed. syll, and Dan. syld, and in German, as Schwelle; Skeat refers to the Teutonic root swal-, swell, the word meaning the rise or swell formed by a beam at a threshold; the L
• SILL, EDWARD ROWLAND (1841-1887)

sill is made of enormous blocks of porta See also:

• SANTA

santa marble, in which a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• CADUCEUS (the Lat. adaptation of the Doric Gr. KapvKewv, Attic /070K CAI)

caduceus (See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury) was inlaid .

Between the internal columns of the cella stood rows of statues; and the temple also contained a large collection of pictures, engraved gems, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver plate, and other See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art,' mostly the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek artists (see Plin . H.N. xxxiv . 19; See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 36, 40, See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 67, See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 2) . `On the See also:

• APEX

apex of the See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment was a See also:

• GROUP

group of three figures embracing; the tympanum was filled with See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture; and statues were set in the open See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch . Though now only the See also:

• PODIUM (Gr. lr66tov, diminutive of ?roils, foot)

podium and the lower part of the cella wall exist, with See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps, many rich fragments both of the Corinthian See also:

• ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature and of the internal caps and bases are preserved in the Tabularium; and some of the marble lining is still in situ . The See also:

• EINSIEDELN

Einsiedeln MS. gives part of the inscription of the front—S.P . Q.R . AFDEM . CONCORDIAE .

VETVSTATE . COLLAPSAM . IN . MELIOREM . FACIEM . OPERE . ET.CVLTV . SPLENDIDIORE . RESTITVERVNT (C.I.L. vi . 89).4 than 946, and a bronze fibula inlaid with silver with the name of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Marinas II . (942–46) makes it seem probable that this hoard was concealed during his pontificate . Not. depji Scnvi (1882), P .

225 . 1 This finely sculptured See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze is almost an exact copy of that on the temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus . The See also:

• SIZE

size of the earlier and smaller temple is indicated by the rough blocks on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the wall of the Tabularium, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close against which the temple stands . When the Tabularium was built It was not thought See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth while to See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress to a smooth face that part of its wall which was concealed by the then existing temple of Concord . ' Little is known of the See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica Opimia, which probably adjoined the. earlier temple of Concord, and the existing See also:

• BUILDING

building appears also to have occupied the site of the Senaculum (see Festus, ed . Muller, p . 347) . For various exciting scenes which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the temple of Concord and on its steps, see Cic . Phil. vii . 8; See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, &ell . See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat . 49 .

Another temple of Concord, built in 216 B.C., stood on 'the Capitoline Arx (Liv. xxii . 33, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 21); and a bronze See also:

• AEDICULA (diminutive of Lat. aedis or aedes, a temple or house)

aedicula of Concord in the See also:

• AREA

Area Vulcani, which must have been close by the great temple . This was dedicated by Cn . Flavius, 305 B.C . (see Liv: ix . 46); according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (H.N. xxxiii . 19) it stood in The temple of See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian stands close by that of Concord, abutting on the Tabularium in a similar way, and blocking up a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long flight of steps (see fig . I) . It consists Temple of of a nearly' square cella with See also:

• PROSTYLE (Gr. irpo, before, and vriiXos, a column)

prostyle See also:

• HEXASTYLE (Gr. gE, six, and ori)Xos, column)

hexastyle portico of Tem the Corinthian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order; three of the columns are still ` yes; See also:

• STANDING

standing, with their rich entablature, the frieze of which is sculptured with sacred See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . The walls are of enormous blocks of travertine with strong See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron clamps; the whole was lined with white Pentelic marble outside, and inside with coloured oriental marbles . There was an internal range of columns, as in the" temple of Concord .

This temple was begun by See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus in A.D . 8o, in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of his See also:

• FATHER

father Vespasian, and finished by See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian, who dedicated it to Vespasian and Titus . The inscription on the entablature, given in the Einsiedeln MS., records a restoration by SeverusandCaracalla—DIVO . VESPASIANO . AVGVSTO.S.P.Q.R . 1MPP . CAESS . SEVERVS.ET.ANTONINVS . PII . FELIC . See also:

• AVGG

AVGG . RE'STITVERVNT; part of the last word only now exists .

In the narrow space between the temples of Concord and Vespasian (only about 7 ft. in width) a small See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and concrete edifice stands against the Tabularium . In it was found an inscribed See also:

• BASE

base dedicated to See also:

• FAUSTINA, ANNIA GALERIA

Faustina the younger by one of the viatores(messengers) of the quaestors, who probably had their See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office here . The next building is the Porticus Deorum Consentium, a'See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade in two wings which join at the obtuse See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, with a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of small rooms or shrines partly cut into the tufa See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• PORT

Port>cus behind . This See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction of twelve deities was of Deorum See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan origin; they were six of each See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex and were called Senatus Deorum (See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro, L.L. viii . 7o, and De Re See also:

• CON

Con See also:

• RUST (O.E. rust, a word which appears in -many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. roest, Ger. rost); in origin it is allied with " ruddy " and " red," the reddish-brown powdery substance which forms on the surface of iron or steel exposed to atmospheric corrosio

Rust, i . I).6 The columns are of cipollino with Corinthian seatium. caps; on the frieze is an inscription recording a restoration by Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, See also:

• PRAEFECT (praefectus)

praefect of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in A.D . 367 . Under the marble See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform is a row of seven small` rooms, the brick facing of which is perhaps of the See also:

• FLAVIAN (d. 449)

Flavian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus stands by the rostra, across the road on the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Forum; the remains of the ancient travertine curb show that originally the road went along a rather Ar+cb of different See also:

• LINE

line, and was probably altered to make See also:

• ROOM

room for this great arch, which was accessible only by steps, Severus. and was not used for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . It was built in A.D . 203, after victories in See also:

• PARTHIA

Parthia, and was originally set up in honour of Severus and his two sons M . Aurelius See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus (See also:

• CARACALLA (or CARACALLUS), MARCUS A U R E L I U S ANTONINUS (186-217)

Caracalla) and See also:

• GETA, PUBLIUS SEPTIMIUS (189-212)

Geta .

Caracalla, after murdering Geta, erased his name from all' monuments to his honour in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Representations of the arch on coins' of Severus show that its See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

attic was surmounted by a See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot of bronze See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by six horses, in which stood Severus crowned by Victory; at the sides were statues of Caracalla and Geta, with an equestrian statue at each angle . The arch, except the base, which is of marble-lined travertine, is built of massive blocks of Pentelic marble, and has large crowded reliefs of victories in the East, showing much decadence from the best period of Roman art . The central space of the Forum is paved with slabs of travertine, . much patched at various See also:

• DATES

dates ; it appears to have been marked out into compartments with incised lines (see Plate VIII.), Central the use of which is not known . There are also square of holes which probably held masts on which awnings could apace Forum. be spread . Numerous clamp-holes all over the paving show where statues and other ornaments once stood . The recorded number of these is very great, and they must once have thickly crowded a great part of the central area . Two See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short marble walls or plutei covered with reliefs, discovered in 1872, stand on the north side . The rough travertine See also:

• PLINTH (Gr. ir)^fvOos, a square tile)

plinth on which they have been set is evidently of See also:

• LATE

late date . Each of these marble screens has (on the inside) reliefs of a See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull, See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar and See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram, decked out with sacrificial wreaths and vittae—the suovetaurilia . On the outside are scenes in the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan: in both cases the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor is speaking from the rostra . On one we also see him seated on a suggestus instituting a charity for destitute See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in A.D. See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot—a See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene similar to one shown in one of his first See also:

• BRASSES, MONUMENTAL

brasses with the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend ALIM[ENTA]; ITALIAE; 8 at the other end the emperor stands on the rostra, on which the two tiers of beaks are shown; he is addressing a See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of citizens .

In the background is shown the long line of See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches of the Basilica Julia, with (on the See also:

• LEFT

left) what is probably the temple of See also:

• CASTOR

Castor and the arch of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . On the right are the statue of See also:

• MARSYAS

Marsyas and the sacred fig-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree .? On the other slab a crowd of officials are bringing tablets and piling them in a heap to be burnt . This records the remission by Trajan of some arrears of See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt due to the imperial See also:

• TREASURY

treasury (See also:

• ANSON, GEORGE ANSON, BARON (1697-1762)

Anson . Grat . See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act . 32) . The background here represents again the Basilica Julia, with (on the right) the Ionic temple of See also:

• SATURN
• SATURN [SATURNUS]

Saturn and the Corinthian temple oT Vespasian . Between them is, an arch, which may be that of Tiberius.8 On the left the Graecostasi, quae tune. supra Comitium erat." Both these were probably only small shrines . ' Twelve gilt statues are mentioned by Varro . 'See also:

• COHEN (Hebrew for " priest ")

Cohen, vol. ii . 303-5 .

7 This is not the ficus ruminalis in the Comitium, but another mentioned by Pliny (H.N. xv . 20) in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the Forum . 8 As it seems to be on a higher level, it may indicate the Tabularium . discovered leading up past the See also:

• TABLINUM (or tabulinum, from tabula, board, picture)

tablinum end of the See also:

• ATRIUM (either from ater, black, referring to the blackening of the walls from the smoke of the hearth, or from the Greek aiOpeov, open to the sky, or from an Etruscan town, Atria, where the style of building is supposed to have originated)

atrium "from the Sacra Via to the Nova Via . In about the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century this road appears to have been blocked up at the Nova Via end by a building which adjoined the Atrium Vestae . At the north-east corner of the Forum stood the arch of Q . See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in 121 B.C., called Allobrogicus from his victory Arch of over the See also:

• ALLOBROGES (in Gr. usually 'AXX6j3peryes)

Allobroges (Schol. on Cic., In Verr., Actio i . 7) ; Fabius . Liv . Ep. lvi.; Plin . H.N. vii . 166) .

It marked the' extreme limit of the Forum in this direction (Cic . See also:

• PRO

Pro Planc, 7, 17), as the rostra did at the other end . Remains of this arch were dug up and mostly destroyed in 1546, near the temple of Faustina; on one of the fragments then discovered was inscribed Q.FABIVS.Q . F . MAXSVMVS.See also:

• AED

AED.See also:

• CVR

CVR.See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

REST . (See also:

• DESSAU

Dessau, Inset .. See also:

• LAT

Lat . Sel..43a) . About twenty-five other fragments were found in 1882 ? The temple of Faustina the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder stands at the east angle of the Forum, facing the later line of the Sacra Via . It is prostyle hexastyle, Temple of and has monolithic columns of cipollino and a rich entablature of Greek marble, with graceful reliefs of Faustian. griffins and candelabra on the frieze ? The walls are of massive See also:

• PEPERINO

peperino, once lined with marble .

On the front is in-scribed DIVO . ANTONINO . ET . DIVAE . FAVSTINAE . EX . S . C . This temple, built by Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius in memory of his wife, who died in 141, was after his death dedicated [also to him, and the first line was then added (Vita See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant . Pii, 6) . In the Middle Ages it was consecrated as the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Lorenzo in See also:

• MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816)

Miranda, and a great part of its cella has been destroyed .

The front is now excavated to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original level . This temple is shown on the reverse of several coins of Antoninus Pius; some have the legend DEDICATIO . fig-tree and the statue of Marsyas are repeated . Other explanations of these reliefs have been given, but the above appears the most probable . Towards the other end of the Forum are remains of a large concrete See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal . It may possibly have supported an equestrian statue of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine, which was still standing in the 8th century . A smaller See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, laid See also:

• BARE

bare by See also:

• COMM

Comm . See also:

• BONI (Bone)

Boni's excavations in 1905, is thought by him to have supported the equestrian statue of Q . Marcius Tremulus, the conqueror of the See also:

• HERNICI

Hernici, set up before the temple of Castor in B.C . 305 (Liv. ix . 43) . The seven cubical brick and concrete structures, once faced with marble, which line the Sacra Via are not earlier than the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian .

They are probably the pedestals of honorary columns such as those shown in the See also:

• RELIEF

relief on Constantine's arch, mentioned above . The See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column erected in honour of the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant See also:

• PHOCAS

Phocas by Smaragdus in the See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh See also:

• YEAR

year of his exarchate (608) is still standing . It is a See also:

• FINE

fine marble Corinthian column, stolen from some earlier building; it stands on See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude steps of marble and tufa . The name of Phocas is erased from the inscription; but the date shows that this See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was to his honour . In the 4th century, or perhaps even later, a long brick and concrete building faced with marble was built along the whole See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east end of the Forum, probably a row of shops . They were destroyed by Comm . See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa's order . Two columns—one of pavonazzetto, the other of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite—were set up on two of the brick bases in 1899 . In 1902 a network of passages (cuniculi) was discovered about 3 ft. beneath the pavement of the Forum . These have tufa walls and concrete vaults; they are about 8 ft. high and 5 ft. broad . At the intersections of the passages are square See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, in the centre of which are travertine blocks with sockets for windlasses . The construction of the passages seems to date from the time of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, and it is thought that they were used for scenic purposes when See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games were given in the Forum .

In 1903 a large concrete foundation was found, partly blocking the E. end of one of the cuniculi . There can be no doubt that this once supported the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal equestrian statue of Domitian described by See also:

• STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius (Silv. i . 1, 21 ff.) which was destroyed after his See also:

• MURDER

murder . Embedded in the concrete was a See also:

• CIST (Gr. ,dorn, Lat. cista, a box; cf. Ger. Kiste, Welsh kistvaen, stone-coffin, and also the other Eng. form " chest ")

cist of massive travertine blocks which was found to contain five archaic vases similar to those from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis (above, as init.) . One held a nugget of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz containing pure gold . It is uncertain whether these were buried here for See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual purposes or were the contents of an early See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb found in digging the foundations . Near this monument there were found in 1904 remains of an enclosure of irregular shape which once contained an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar . This must have been the altar which in imperial times represented the Lacus See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius (Ov . Fast. vi . 403) . Beside this were found some remains of a structure of imperial date which Comm . Boni identified with the Tribunal at which See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice was administered by the emperors.' See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine Hill or Palatium .

In addition to the early walls described above, only a few re-mains now exist earlier in date than the later years of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic; these are mostly grouped near the Scalae Caci (see fig. so, in Plan), and consist of small cellae and other structures of unknown use.' They are partly built of the soft tufa used in the " wall of See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus," and partly of hard granulated tufa so called . Various names, such as the " hut of Faustulus " and the " Auguratorium," have been given to these very ancient remains, but with little See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason . On thing is certain, that the buildings were respected and preserved even under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and were probably regarded as sacred See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the earliest times . 'Authorities on the Forum; For the earlier literature of the subject it will suffice to refer to See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Rom, i . 2, 195-429, and, in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, to See also:

• NICHOLS, JOHN (1745–1826)

Nichols, The Roman Forum (1877) . By far the best See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account based on the See also:

• RECENT

recent discoveries of Comm . Boni is Huelsen, The Roman Forum (Eng. trans. from the 2nd See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German edition, by J . B . See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter, 1906), in which full references are given . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official reports of excavations by Comm . Boni appear at intervals in the Notizie degli Scavi, and are largely concerned with the ancient necropolis . Huelsen publishes reports in the Romische Mitteilungen which are of great value .

' Our-knowledge of these remains has been considerably increased by excavations in this region begun in 1907, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the subject of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of reports in the Notizie degli Scavi; their significance is discussed by Pinza in the Annali della Society degli ingegneri ed architetti Italiani for that year, cf . See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby in Classical Quarterly (1908), p . 145 if . It is almost too much to See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that the difficult problems raised by these discoveries will ever be solved; meanwhile it may be noted (i) that abundant traces of a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement (pottery, foundations of huts, &c.) have come to See also:

• LIGHT

light near the W. angle of the hill; (ii) that walls of various epochs have been found which may have belonged to a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of fortification, though this cannot be demonstrated; (iii) that beneath a piece of walling built with regularly laid tufa blocks was found an inhumation-See also:

• GRAVE

grave containing pottery of the 4th century B.C . Remains of more than one temple of the republican period exist near this west angle of the Palatine . The larger of these (see Plan) has been called conjecturally the temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor (Liv. x . 29; Ov . Fast. iv . 621).3 It stands on a levelled Temple of platform of tufa rock, the lower part of which is excavated Jupiter into See also:

• QUARRY

quarry chambers, used in later times as See also:

• WATER

water Victor. reservoirs . Two ancient well-shafts lined with tufa communicate with these subterranean hollows . Extensive foundations of hard tufa exist in the valley afterwards covered by the Flavian See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace (see Plan, " Foundations of the Domus Augustana ") . The See also:

• MASONRY

masonry is in parts of republican date, and was used to support the Flavian palace .

Not far from the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the Scalae Caci are the massive remains of a large cella, nothing of which now exists except the concrete core faced with See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus incertum inalternate layers of tufa and peperino . It was probably once lined with marble . By it a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble colossal seated figure of a goddess was found, in statue of Greek marble, well modelled, a work of the 1st century Gybele . A.D . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and arms are missing, but the figure is probably rightly called a statue of See also:

• CYBELE, or CYBEBE (Gr. Ku/3X, Ku,(3i7sn)

Cybele; and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions dedicated to Magna Mater have been found close to the temple . Augustus in the Monumentum Ancyranum (4, 8) records AEDEM . MATRIS . MAGNAE . IN . PALATIO . FECI ; and there can be little doubt that this is the temple in question . Some interesting early architectural fragments are lying near this temple; they consist of drums and capitals of Corinthian columns, and part of the See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice of the pediment, cut in peperino, and thickly coated with hard white See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco to imitate marble .

Between this and the temple of Jupiter Victor are extensive remains of a large porticus, with tufa walls and travertine piers, also republican in date . The use and name of this building are unknown . Remains of extensive lines of buildings in early 'opus reticulatum. exist on the upper slopes of the Palatine, all along the Velabrum side, and on the south-west side as far as the so-called Paedagogium . These buildings are constructed on the ruins of the wall of Romulus, a great part of which has been cut away to make room for them; their base is at the foot of the ancient wall, on the shelf cut midway in the side of the hill; their top reached originally above the upper level of the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit . They are of various dates, and cannot be identified with any known buildings . Part is apparently of Domus the time of the emperor Tiberius, and no doubt belongs to Meth the Domus Tiberiana mentioned by Suetonius (Tib . 5 ; Tac. ans . Hist. i . 27, iii . 71); this palace covered a great part of the west corner of the hill . Of about the same date is a very interesting and well-preserved private See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house built wholly of opus House of reticulatum, which formed part of the imperial See also:

• PROPERTY

property, Livia. and was respectgd when the later palaces were built . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead-pipes bearing the inscription IVLIAE .

See also:

• AVG

AVG (C.I.L. xv . 7264) has led to the conjecture that the house was that bequeathed to Livia by her first See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, Tib . See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero . At the north-west end is a small atrium, out of which open three rooms commonly called the tablinum and aide, as well as a See also:

• TRICLINIUM

triclinium, all decorated with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good paintings of mythological and domestic scenes, probably the work of Greek artists, as inscriptions in Greek occur, e.g . EPMHC, under the figure of See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, in a picture representing his deliverance of to from See also:

• ARGUS

Argus.4 This See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of rooms was a later addition to the house . The south-east portion was three storeys high, and is divided into a great number of very small rooms, mostly bedrooms . The house is built in a sort of hole against the side of an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, so that the upper See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor behind is level with an ancient paved road . The dampness caused by this is counteracted and kept off the paintings by a lining of flange-tiles over the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls, under the stucco, thus forming an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-cavity all over the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . From the back of the house, at the upper level, a long subterranean passage leads towards the Flavian palace, and then, turning at right angles and passing by the foundations of the so-called temple of Jupiter Victor, issues in the ancient tufa building mentioned above . Another crypto-porticus starts near this house and communicates with the long semi-subterranean passage by which the palaces of Caligula aid Domitian are connected . It is ornamented with very beautiful stucco reliefs of cupids, beasts and foliage, once painted and gilt . Some hold that the house was that of Germanicus, into which the soldiers who killed Caligula in the long crypto-porticus escaped, as described by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (Ant .

See also:

• JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

Jud. xix . I ; see also Suet . Cal . 58) . From the Summa Sacra Via a road led to the Area Palatina in the centre of the hill . Here was the See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary called See also:

• ROMA

Roma quadrate, containing the mundus, a See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit in which the instruments used in the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the city were deposited . To the Palace of east was the Area Apollinis, the entrance of which led Augustus through lofty See also:

• PROPYLAEA (Ilp6sruXov, 1pol- mala)

propylaea into a very extensive See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle and See also:

• ARES

Ares or porticus, with columns' ofNumidian giallo; the temple Apolliais. was of white See also:

• LUNA (mod. Luni)
• LUNA, ALVARO DE (d. 1453)

Luna marble . In the centre of this enclosure stood the great See also:

• OCTOSTYLE (Gr. brcTia eight, and oriXos, a column)

octostyle See also:

• PERIPTERAL (Gr. irepi, round, and 7rTep6v, a wing)

peripteral temple of Apollo Palatinus . The splendour of its See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and the countless works of art in gold, 3 It has recently been argued by Pinza that this is the temple of Apollo built by Augustus . 4 See Mon . Inst. xi. pls. xxii.., xxiii . ; Mau, Geschichte der Wandmalerei, pl. ix.; Repier, See also:

• LES

Les Peintures du Palatin (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1870) .

silver, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, bronze and marble, mostly the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the best Greek artists, which adorned this magnificent group of buildings, must have made it the chief See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of this splendid city . This temple was begun by Augustus in 36 B.C.,' after his Sicilian victory over Sextus Pompeius, and dedicated on the 9th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 28 B.C.' A glowing account of the splendours of these buildings is given by See also:

• PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

Propertius (ii . 2, iii . 31) . Inside the cella were statues of Apollo between See also:

• LATONA (tat. form of Gr. Arlrw, Leto)

Latona and See also:

• DIANA

Diana by See also:

• SCOPAS

Scopas, See also:

• CEPHISODOTUS

Cephisodotus and See also:

• TIMOTHEUS

Timotheus respectively (Plin . H.N. xxxvi . 24, 25, 32) ; beneath the base of the group were preserved the Sibylline books . The pediment had sculpture by Bupalus and See also:

• ARCHERMUS

Archermus of See also:

• CHIOS

Chios (Plin . H.N. xxxvi . 13), and on the apex was Apollo in a See also:

• QUADRIGA

quadriga of gilt bronze . The See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double door was covered with ivory reliefs of the death of the Niobids and the defeat of the Gauls at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi . The Ancyran inscription records that Augustus melted down eighty silver statues of himself and with the See also:

• MONEY

money " offered See also:

• GOLDEN

golden gifts to this temple, dedicating them both in his own name and in the names of the original donors of the statues.' The Sibylline books were preserved under the statue of Apollo (Suet .

Aug . 31); and within the cella were vases, tripods and statues of gold and silver, with a collection of engraved gems dedicated by See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus (see Plin . H.N. xxxvii . xxxiv . 14) . In the porticus was a large library, with See also:

• SEPARATE

separate departments for Latin and Greek literature,* and a large See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall where the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate occasionally met (Tac . See also:

• ANN

Ann. ii . 37) . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round the porticus, between the Numidian marble columns, were statues of the fifty Danaids, and opposite them their fifty bridegrooms onhorseback (see Schol. on Pers. ii . 56) . In the centre, before the steps of the temple, stood an altar surrounded by four oxen, the work of See also:

• MYRON

Myron (Prop. iii . 31, 5) .

In the centre of the Palatine stood the palace of Augustus, built in the years following 36 B.C., and renewed after a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in A.D . 3 . It contained a small temple of See also:

• VESTA (Gr. 'Errata)

Vesta (C.I.L. i.' p . 317), dedicated on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 12 B.C., when Augustus was elected See also:

• PONTIFEX

pontifex maximus . Augustus's building was completely transformed by later emperors, but the name domus Augustana was retained in official use . The Area Apollinis and its group of buildings suffered in the fire of Nero, and were restored by Domitian . The whole was finally destroyed in the great fire of 363 (Ammian. xxiii . 3, 3), but the Sibylline books were saved . To the north-west of the Area Palatina stood the Domus Tiberiana, a palace built by Tiberius on substructures of concrete which See also:

• CROWN

crown the Domes north-west slope of the hill and form a platform now occu pied Domes by the See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese gardens, overlooking the Clivus Victoriae . erl- Caligula is said to have added to this palace on the side See also:

• ARIA (Ital. for " air ")

aria. towards the Forum, making the temple of Castor into a