See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• GREECE

Greece in the Saronic Gulf, 20 M. from the See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus . Tradition derives the name from See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• AEACUS

Aeacus, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in and ruled the island . In shape Aegina is triangular, 8 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long from N.W. to S.E., and 6 m. broad, with an See also:

• AREA

area of about 41 sq. m . The western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side consists of stony but fertile plains, which are well cultivated and produce luxuriant crops of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, with some See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, vines, almonds and See also:

• FIGS

figs . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the island is rugged and mountainous . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end rises in the conical See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Oros, and the Panhellenian See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge stretches northward with narrow fertile valleys on either side . From the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of marshes the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is the most healthy in Greece . The island forms See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MODERN

modern norms of See also:

• ATTICA

Attica and See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia, of which it forms an eparchy . The sponge See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are of considerable importance . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town is Aegina, situated at the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of the island, the summer See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of many Athenian merchants . See also:

• CAPO

Capo d'See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria, to whom there is a statue in the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal square, erected there a large See also:

• BUILDING

building, intended for a See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, which was subsequently used as a museum, a library and a school . The museum was the first institution of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in Greece, but the collection was transferred to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens in 1834 .

Antiquities . The archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest of Aegina is centred in the well-known See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple on the ridge near the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern corner of the island . , Excavations were made on its site in 181r by See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708–1777)
• HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492–1536)

Haller von Hallerstein and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English architect C . R . See also:

• COCKERELL, CHARLES ROBERT (1788-1863)

Cockerell, who discovered a considerable amount of See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture from the pediments, which was bought in 1812 by the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria; the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups were set up in the See also:

• GLYPTOTHEK (from Gr. y?tnrros, carved, and OiiKf, a place of storage)

Glyptothek at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich after the figures had been restored by B . Thorvaldsen . Their restoration was somewhat drastic, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient parts being cut away to allow of additions in See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and the new parts treated in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the ancient weathering . Various conjectures were made as to the arrangement of the figures . That according to which they were set up at Munich was in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main suggested by Cockerell; in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of each See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment was a figure of See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena, set well back, and a fallen See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior at her feet; on each side were See also:

• STANDING

standing spearmen, kneeling spearmen and bowmen, all facing towards the centre of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition; the corners were filled with fallen warriors . In 1901 See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• FURTWANGLER, ADOLF (1853–1907)

Furtwangler began a more systematic excavation of the site, and the new discoveries he then made, together with a fresh and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete study of the figures and fragments in Munich, have led to a rearrangement of the whole, which, if not certain in all details, may be regarded as approaching finality . According to this the figures of combatants do not all See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face towards the centre, but are broken' up, as in other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early compositions, into a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of groups of two or three figures each . A figure of Athena still occupies the centre of each pediment, but is set farther forward than in the old reconstruction .

On each side of this, in the western pediment, is a See also:

• GROUP

group of two combatants over a fallen warrior; in the eastern pediment, a warrior whose opponent is falling into the arms of a supporting figure; other figures also—the bowmen especially—face towards the angles, and so give more variety to the composition . The western pediment, which is more conservative in type, represents the earlier expedition of Heracles and Telamon against See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy; the eastern, which is bolder and more advanced, probably refers to episodes in the Trojan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . There are also remains of a third pediment, which may have been produced in competition, but never placed on the temple . For the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the sculptures see See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

GREEK See also:

• ART

ART . The See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the temple is chiefly remarkable for the unsymmetrically placed See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door leading from the back of the See also:

• CELLA

cella into the opisthodomus . This opisthodomus was completely fenced in with See also:

• BRONZE

bronze gratings; and the excavators believe it to have been adapted for use as an See also:

• ADYTUM

adytum (See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine) . It was disputed in earlier times whether the temple was dedicated to See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus or Athena . See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions found by the See also:

• RECENT

recent excavations seem to prove that it must be identified as the shrine of the See also:

• LOCAL

local goddess Aphaea, identified by See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias with See also:

• BRITOMARTIS

Britomartis and Dictynna . The excavations have laid See also:

• BARE

bare several other buildings, including an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, early See also:

• PROPYLAEA (Ilp6sruXov, 1pol- mala)

propylaea, houses for the priests and remains of an earlier temple . The See also:

• PRESENT

present temple probably See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WARS

wars . In the town of Aegina itself are the remains of another temple, dedicated to See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite; one See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of this still remains standing, and its See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations are fairly preserved . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—(1) Ancient .

Aegina, according to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (v . 83), was a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• EPIDAURUS

Epidaurus, to which See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state it was originally subject . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery in the island of a number of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold ornaments belonging to the latest See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Mycenaean art suggests the inference that the Mycenaean culture held its own in Aegina for some generations after the Dorian See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• ARGOS

Argos and See also:

• LACEDAEMON

Lacedaemon (see A . J . See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans, in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. xiii. p . 195) . It is probable that the island was not dorized before the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . One of the earliest facts known to us in its history is its membership in the See also:

• LEAGUE

League of Calauria, which included, besides Aegina, Athens, the Minyan (Boeotian) Orchomenos, Troezen, Hermione, See also:

• NAUPLIA

Nauplia and Prasiae, and was probably an organization of states which were still Mycenaean, for the suppression of the piracy which had sprung up in the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean as a result of the decay of the See also:

• NAVAL

naval supremacy of the Mycenaean princes . It follows, therefore, that the maritime importance of the island dates back to pre-Dorian times . It is usually stated, on the authority of See also:

• EPHORUS (c. 400–330 B.C.)

Ephorus, that See also:

• PHEIDON (8th or 7th century B.C.)

Pheidon (q.v.) of Argos established a See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint in Aegina . Though this statement is probably to be rejected, it may be regarded as certain that Aegina was the first state of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Greece to See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin See also:

• MONEY

money . Thus it was the Aeginetans who, within See also:

• THIRTY

thirty or See also:

• FORTY

forty years of the invention of coinage by the Lydians (c .

700 B.C.), introduced to the western See also:

• WORLD

world a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of such incalculable value to See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The fact that the Aeginetan See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of coins, weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures was one of the two scales in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use in the Greek world is sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the early commercial importance of the island . It appears to have belonged to the Eretrian league; hence, perhaps, we may explain the war with See also:

• SAMOS

Samos, a leading member of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival Chalcidian league in the reign of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Amphicrates (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. iii . 59), i.e. not later than the earlier See also:

• HALF

half of the 7th century B.C . In the next century Aegina is one of the three principal states trading at the See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of See also:

• NAUCRATIS

Naucratis (q.v.), and it is the only state of European Greece that has a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in this factory (Herod. ii . 178) . At the beginning of the 5th century it seems to have been an entrep6t of the Politic grain trade, at a later date an Athenian See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly (Herod. vii . 147) . Unlike the other commercial states of the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., e.g . See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis, See also:

• ERETRIA (mod. Aletria)

Eretria and See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus, Aegina founded no colonies . The settlements to which See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo refers (viii . 376) cannot be regarded as any real exceptions to this statement .

The history of Aegina, as it has come down to us, is almost exclusively a history of its relations with the neighbouring state of Athens . The history of these relations, as recorded by Herodotus (v . 79-89; vi . 49-51, 73, 85-94), involve See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical problems of some difficulty and interest . He traces back the hostility of the two states to a dispute about the images of the goddesses Damia and Auxesia, which the Aeginetans had carried off from Epidaurus, their See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent state . The Epidaurians had been accustomed to make See also:

• ANNUAL

annual offerings to the Athenian deities Athena and See also:

• ERECHTHEUS

Erechtheus in See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment for the Athenian See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of which the statues were made . Upon the refusal of the Aeginetans to continue these offerings, the Athenians endeavoured to carry away the images . Their See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was miraculously frustrated—according to the Aeginetan version, the statues See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell upon their knees,—and only a single survivor returned to Athens, there to fall a victim to the fury of his comrades' widows, who pierced him with their See also:

• BROOCH, or BROACH (from the Fr. broths, originally an awl or bodkin; a spit is sometimes called a broach, and hence the phrase " to broach a barrel "; see BROKER)

brooch-pins . No date is assigned by Herodotus for this " old See also:

• FEUD

feud "; recent writers, e.g . J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury and R .

W . Macan, suggest the period between See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon and See also:

• PEISISTRATUS, (605?–527 B.c.)

Peisistratus, c . 570 B.C . It may be questioned, however, whether the whole See also:

• EPISODE

episode is not mythical . A critical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the narrative seems to reveal little else than a series of aetiological traditions, explanatory of cults and customs, e.g. of the kneeling posture of the images of Damia and Auxesia, of the use of native See also:

• WARE

ware instead of Athenian in their See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, and of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in See also:

• WOMEN

women's See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress at Athens from the Dorian to the Ionian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account which Herodotus gives of the hostilities between the two states in the early years of the 5th century B.C. iS to the following effect . See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, after the defeat by Athens about 507 B.C., appealed to Aegina for assistance . The Aeginetans at first contented themselves with sending the images of the Aeacidae, the tutelary heroes of their island . Subsequently, however, they entered into an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, and ravaged the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of Attica . The Athenians were preparing to make See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals, in spite of the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of the Delphic See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle that they should desist from attacking Aegina for thirty years, and See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• TENT

tent themselves meanwhile with dedicating a See also:

• PRECINCT (from Lat. praecingere, to encircle, enclose, surround, prae and cingere, to gird)

precinct to Aeacus, when their projects were interrupted by the Spartan intrigues for the restoration of Hippias . In 491 B.C . Aegina was one of the states which gave the symbols of submission (" See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and See also:

• WATER

water ") to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia .

Athens at once appealed to See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta to punish this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of. medism, and Cleomenes I . (q.v.), one of the Spartan See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, crossed over to the island, to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest those who were responsible for it . His See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was at first unsuccessful ; ----------------------------------------NORTH See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

TERRACE See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

WALL O .memo tlr+e-1 .