See also:

• AERARII (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " poll-tax ")

AERARII (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " See also:

• POLL

poll-tax ")  , originally a class of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman citizens not included in the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty tribes of Servius Tullius, and subject to a See also:

• POLL

poll-tax arbitrarily fixed by the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor . They were (1) the inhabitants of conquered towns which had been deprived of See also:

• LOCAL

local self-See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, who possessed the See also:

• JUS

jus conubii and jus commercii, but no See also:

• POLITICAL

political rights; See also:

• CAERE (mod. Cerveteri, i.e. Caere vetus, see below)

Caere is said to have been the first example of this (353 B.c.); hence the expression " in tabulas Caeritum referre " came to mean " to degrade to the status of an aerarius": (2) full citizens subjected to See also:

• CIVIL

civil degradation (infamia) as the result of following certain professions (e.g. acting), of dishonour-able acts in private See also:

• LIFE

life (e.g. See also:

• BIGAMY (from Lat. bis, twice, and Gr. ya,uor, marriage)

bigamy) or of conviction for certain crimes; (3) persons branded by the censor . Those who were thus excluded from the tribes and centuries had no See also:

• VOTE

vote, were in-capable of filling Roman magistracies and could not serve in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . According to See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, the See also:

• AERARII (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " poll-tax ")

aerarii were originally the non-assidui (non-holders of See also:

• LAND

land), excluded from the tribes, the See also:

• COMITIA

comitia and the army . By a reform of the censor Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius in 312 B.C. these non-assidui were admitted into the tribes, and the aerarii as such disappeared . But in 304, See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius Rullianus limited them to the four See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city tribes, and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• TERM

term meant a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man degraded from a higher (See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country) to a See also:

• LOWER

lower (city) tribe, but not deprived of the right of voting or of serving in the army . The expressions " tribu movere " and " See also:

• AERARIUM (from Lat. aes, in its derived sense of " money ")

aerarium facere," regarded by Mommsen as identical in meaning (" to degrade from a higher tribe to a lower "), are explained by A . H . J . Greenidge—the first as relegation from a higher to a lower tribe or See also:

• TOTAL

total exclusion from the tribes, the second as exclusion from the centuries . Other views of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original aerarii are that they were:—artisans and freedmen (See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr) ; inhabitants of towns See also:

• UNITED

united with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome by a See also:

• HOSPITIUM (Gr. evia, IrpoEevia)

hospitium publicum, who had become domiciled on Roman territory (See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange); only a class of degraded citizens, including neither the cives sine suffragio nor the artisans (See also:

• MADVIG, JOHAN NICOLAI (1804-1886)

Madvig); identical with the capite censi of the Servian constitution (Belot, Greenidge) . See A .

H . J . Greenidge, Infamia in Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law (1894), where Mommsen's theory is criticized; E . Belot, Histoire See also:

• DES

des chevaliers romains, i. p . 200 (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1866) ; L . See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

Pardon, De Aerariis (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1853); P . See also:

• WILLEMS, FLORENT JOSEPH MARIE (1823–1905)
• WILLEMS, JEAN FRANCOIS (1793-'t846)

Willems, Le See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

Droit public romain (1883); A . S., See also:

• WILKINS, GEORGE (ii. 1607)
• WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672)
• WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (1862– )
• WILKINS, SIR CHARLES (1749?-1836)

Wilkins in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DIET

Diet. of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed., 1891); and the usual handbooks of antiquities .