AETOLIA  , a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• GREECE

Greece, bounded on the S. by the Corinthian Gulf, on the W. by the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• ACHELOUS (mod. Aspropotamo, " white river ")

Achelous, on the N. and E. by the western spurs of See also:

• PARNASSUS (mod. Likkoura or Likeri)

Parnassus and See also:

• OETA (mod. Kotavothra)

Oeta . The See also:

• LAND

land naturally falls into two divisions . The basins of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Achelous (mod . Aspropotamo) and Euenus (Phidharis) See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of alluvial valleys intersected by detached ridges which mostly run parallel to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . This district of "Old Aetolia" lacks a suitable See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, but the inland, and especially the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of central Aetolia lying to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Lakes Hyria and Trichonis and See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Aracynthus, forms a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich agricultural See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The northern and eastern regions are„broken by an extensive complex of chains and peaks, whose rugged See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone flanks are clad at most with stunted shrubs and barely leave See also:

• ROOM

room for a few pre-carious See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-tracks . These heights often rise in the frontier-ranges of Tymphrestus, Oxia and Corax to more than 7000 ft.; the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-capped See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle of Kiona attains to 8240 ft . A few defiles pass through this barrier to the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the north See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend Old Aetolia, with its cities of Pleuron and See also:

• CALYDON (Kaw&iav)

Calydon, figures prominently . During the See also:

• GREAT

great migrations (see See also:

• DORIANS

DORIANS) the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was largely displaced, and the old inhabitants See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained in a backward See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . In the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century some tribes were still living in open villages under See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, addicted to See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder and piracy, and hardly recognized as Hellenes at all . Yet their military strength was not to be despised: in 426 their archers and slingers easily repelled an Athenian'invasion under See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes .

In the 4th century the Aetolians began to take a greater See also:

• PART

part in Greek politics, and, in return for helpingEpaminondas (367) and See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of Macedon (338), recovered See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of their sea-board, to which they annexed the Acarnanian coast and the Oeniadae . Aetolia's prosperity See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Macedonian supremacy . It may be ascribed partly to the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence acquired by Aetolian mercenaries in Hellenistic courts, but chiefly to the formation of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national Aetolian See also:

• LEAGUE

league, the first effective institution of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in Greece . Created originally to meet the peril of an invasion by the Macedonian regents See also:

• ANTIPATER (398?-319 B.C.)

Antipater and Craterus, who had undertaken a punitive expedition against Aetolia after the Lamian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (322), and by See also:

• CASSANDER (c. 350—297 B.C.)
• CASSANDER (or CASSANT), GEORGE (1513-1566)

Cassander (314-31I), the confederacy See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew rapidly during the subsequent period of Macedonian weakness . Since 290 it had extended its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over all the uplands of central Greece, where its command over Heracleia (28o) provided it with an important defensive position against northern invaders, its control of See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi and the Amphictyonic See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council with a useful See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . The valour of the Aetolians was conspicuously displayed in 279, when they See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the strength of the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic irruption by slaughtering great hordes of marauders . The commemorative festival of the Soteria, which the league established at Delphi, obtained recognition from many leading Greek states . After annexing See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia (by 245) the Aetolians controlled all central Greece . Endeavouring next to expand into See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus, they allied themselves with Antigonus Gonatas of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia against the Achaean league (q.v.), and besides becoming protectors of See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis and See also:

• MESSENIA (Gr. M€ rcr vrl or M€o o vta)

Messenia won several Arcadian cities . Their See also:

• NAVAL

naval power extended to See also:

• CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

Cephalonia, to the Aegaean islands and even to the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont . The league at its See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith had thus a truly imperial status . Later in the century its power began to be sapped by Macedonia .

To check See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius (239–229) the Aetolians joined arms with the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans . In 224 they held Heracleia See also:

• TRACHIS

Trachis against Antigonus Doson, but lost control of Boeotia and See also:

• PHOCIS

Phocis . Since 228 their Arcadian possessions had been abandoned to See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a new enemy arose in the Illyrian pirate fleets, which outdid them in unscrupulousness and violence . The raids of two Aetolian chiefs in Achaean territory (220) led to a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition between See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea and Philip V. of Macedon, who assailed the invaders with great See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving them out of Peloponnesus and marching into Aetolia itself, where he surprised and sacked the federal See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Thermon . After buying See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace by the cession of Acamania (217) the league concluded a compact with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, in which both states agreed to plunder ruthlessly their See also:

• COMMON

common enemies (211) . In the great war of their See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies against Philip the federal troops took a prominent part, their See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry being largely responsible for the victory of Cynoscephalae (197) . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in return restored central Greece to the league, but by withholding its former Thessalian possessions excited its deep resentment . The Aetolians now invited See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus III. of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria to See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Greece, and so precipitated a conflict with Rome . But in the war they threw away their chances . In 192 they wasted themselves in an unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to secure Sparta . In 191 they supported Antiochus badly, and by their slackness in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae made his position in Greece untenable .

Having thus isolated themselves the Aetolians stood at See also:

• BAY

bay behind their walls against the Romans, who refused all compromises, and, after the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general surrender in 189, restricted the league to Aetolia proper and assumed control over its See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign relations . In 167 the country suffered severely from the intrigues of a See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

philo-Roman party, which caused a series of judicial murders and the See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation of many patriots to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . By the time of See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, when the league is mentioned for the last time, its functions were purely nominal . The federal constitution closely resembled that of the Achaean league (q.v.), for which it doubtless served as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . The general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, convoked every autumn at Thermon to elect officials, and at other places in See also:

• SPECIAL

special emergencies, shaped the league's general policy; it was nominally open to all freemen, though no doubt the Aetolian chieftains really controlled it . The council of deputies from the confederate cities undertook the routine of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . The See also:

• STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

strategus (general), aided by 30 apocleti (ministers), had See also:

• COMPLETE

complete control in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and presided over the assembly, though with restricted advisory See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . The Aetolians also used the Amphictyonic See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod for passing See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn enactments . The league's relation to outlying dependencies is obscure; many of these were probably See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere protectorates or " allied states" and secured no See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation . The federal executive was certainly much more efficient than that of the Achaeans, and its See also:

• COUNCILS

councils suffered less from disunion; but its generals and admirals, See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official or otherwise, enjoyed undue See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence; hence the league deservedly gained an evil name for the numerous acts of lawlessness or violence which its troops committed . But as a See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of republican Greece against foreign enemies no other power of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age rendered equal services . After the first overthrow of the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• EMPIRE

empire Aetolia passed to a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the old imperial See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (1205) .

In the 15th century it was held by See also:

• SCANDERBEG, or ISKENDER BEY (14o3-1467)

Scanderbeg (q.v.) and by the Venetians, but Mahommed II. brought it definitely under See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• RULE

rule . In the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence the Aetolians by their stubborn defence, culminating in the sieges of See also:

• MISSOLONGHI, or MESOLONGHI (MaroMyyeov)

Missolonghi (q.v.), formed the backbone of the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . Northern Aetolia remains a desolate region, inhabited mainly by Vlach shepherds . The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western plain, though rendered unhealthy by lagoons, and central Aetolia yield See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good crops of currants, See also:

• VINE

vine, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, which are conveyed by railway from Agrinion and Anatolikon to the coast . The country, which forms part of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• ACARNANIA

Acarnania and Aetolia, contains numerous fragments of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fortifications . It has contributed a notable proportion of distinguished men to modern Greece .