See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

AFFECTION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person)  , literally, a See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state resulting generally from an See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . It is popularly used of a relation between persons amounting to more than See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill or friendship . By ethical writers the word has been used generally of distinct states of feeling, both lasting and spasmodic; some contrast it with " See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion " as being See also:

• FREE

free from the distinctively sensual See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . More specifically the word has been restricted to emotional states which are in relation to persons . In the former sense, it is the Gr. aaiOos, and as such it appears in See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes and most of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• BRITISH

British ethical writers . On various grounds, however—e.g. that it does not involve anxiety or excitement, that it is comparatively inert and compatible with the entire See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the sensuous element—it is generally and use-fully distinguished from passion . In this narrower sense the word has played a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part in ethical systems, which have spoken of the social or parental " affections " as in some sense a part of moral See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation . For a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of these and similar problems, which depend ultimately on the degree in which the affections are regarded as voluntary, see H . See also:

• SIDGWICK, HENRY (1838-1900)

Sidgwick, Methods of See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics, pp . 345-349 . In See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology the terms " See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection " and " affective " are of great importance . As all intellectual phenomena have by experimentalists been reduced to sensation, so all emotion has been and is regarded as reducible to See also:

• SIMPLE

simple mental affection, the element of which all emotional manifestations are ultimately composed .

The nature of this element is a problem which has been provisionally, but not conclusively, solved by many psychologists; the method is necessarily experimental, and all experiments on feeling are peculiarly difficult . The solutions proposed are two . In the first, all affection phenomena are primarily divisible into those which are pleasurable and those which are the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main objections to this are that it does not explain the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety of phenomena, and that it disregards the distinction which most philosophers admit between higher and See also:

• LOWER

lower pleasures . The second See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is that every sensation has its specific affective quality, though by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the poverty of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language many of these have no name . W . See also:

• WUNDT, WILHELM MAX (1832— )

Wundt, Outlines of Psychology (trans . C . H . See also:

• JUDD, SYLVESTER (1813–1853)

Judd, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1897), maintains that we may See also:

• GROUP

group under three main affective directions, each with its negative, all the infinite varieties in question; these are (a) See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, or rather pleasantness, and the reverse, (b) tension and relaxation, (c) excitement and depression . These two views are antithetic and no solution has been discovered . Two obvious methods of experiment have been tried .

The first, introduced by A . Mosso, the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian psychologist, consists in recording the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical phenomena which are observed to accompany modifications of the affective consciousness . Thus it is found that the See also:

• ACTION

action of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart is accelerated by pleasant, and retarded by unpleasant, stimuli; again, changes of See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and See also:

• VOLUME

volume are found to accompany modifications of affection—and soon . Apart altogether from the facts that this investigation is still in its See also:

• INFANCY

infancy and that the conditions of experiment are insufficiently understood, its ultimate success is rendered highly problematical by the essential fact that real scientific results can be achieved only by data recorded in connexion with a perfectly normal subject; a conscious or interested subject introduces variable factors which are probably incalculable . The second is See also:

• FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR (1801-1887)

Fechner's method; it consists of recording the changes in feeling-See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone produced in a subject by bringing him in contact with a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of conditions, See also:

• OBJECTS

objects or stimuli graduated according to a scientific See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan and presented singly in pairs or in See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . The result is a See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative table of likes and dislikes . Mention should also be made of a third method which has hardly yet been tried, namely, that of endeavouring to isolate one of the three " directions " by the method of See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion or even hypnotic See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance observations . For the subject of emotion in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general see See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-books of vychology, e.g. those of J . See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully, W . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, G . T . Fechner, O. ulpe; Angelo Mosso, La Fauns (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1884, 1900; Eng. trans .

E . Lough and F . Kiesow, Lond . 1896) ; E . B . Titchener, Experimental Psychology (1905) ; See also:

• ART

art . PSYCHOLOGY and See also:

• WORKS

works there quoted .