See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

AGE (Fr. age, through See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• LAT

Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used (1) of the divisions into which it is suggested that human See also:

• HISTORY

history may be divided, whether regarded from the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological, cultural or moral aspects, e.g. the See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

palaeolithic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, the See also:

• BRONZE

bronze age, the dark ages; (2) of an historic See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch or See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation; (3) of any See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period or See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• LIFE

life of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal or thing; (4) of that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of life at which the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law attributes full responsibility for his or her acts to the individual . (1) From the earliest times there would appear to have been the belief that the history of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and of mankind falls naturally into periods or ages . Classical See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology popularized the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . I-Iesiod, for example, in his poem See also:

• WORKS

Works and Days, describes minutely five successive ages, during each of which the earth was peopled by an entirely distinct See also:

• RACE

race . The first or See also:

• GOLDEN

golden race lived in perfect happiness on the fruits of the untilled See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear suffered from no bodily infirmity, passed away in a See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, and became after See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian daemons of this See also:

• WORLD

world . The second or See also:

• SILVER

silver race was degenerate, and refusing to See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship the immortal gods, was buried by Jove in the earth . The third or brazen race, still more degraded, was warlike and cruel, and perished at last by See also:

• INTERNAL

internal violence . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth or heroic race was a marked advance upon the preceding, its members being the heroes or demi-gods who fought at See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy and See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, and who were rewarded after death by being permitted to reap thrice a See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• FREE

free produce of the earth . The fifth or See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron race, to which the poet supposes himself to belong, is the most degenerate of all, sunk so See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low in every See also:

• VICE

vice that any new See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change must be for the better . See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, follows See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod exactly as to nomenclature and very closely as to substance . He makes the degeneracy continuous, however, by omitting the heroic race or age, which, as See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote points out, was probably introduced by Hesiod, not as See also:

• PART

part of his didactic See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, but from a See also:

• DESIRE

desire to conciliate popular feeling by including in his poem the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief myths that were already current among the Greeks . See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro recognized three ages: (1) from the beginning of mankind to the See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

Deluge, a quite indefinite period; (2) from the Deluge to the First See also:

• OLYMPIAD

Olympiad, called the Mythical Period; (3) from the First Olympiad to his own time, called the Historic Period .

See also:

• LUCRETIUS (TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS) (c. 98–55 B.C.)

Lucretius divided See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's history into three cultural periods: (1) the Age of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone; (2) the Age of Bronze; (3) the Age of Iron . He thus anticipated the conclusions of some of the greatest of See also:

• MODERN

modern archaeologists . (e) A definite period in history, distinguished by some See also:

• SPECIAL

special characteristic, such as See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity, is generally styled, with some appropriate epithet, an age . It is usual, for example, to speak of the Age of See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, the Augustan, the Elizabethan or the Victorian Ages; of the Age of the See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades, the Dark Ages,the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, the Age of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam . Such isolated periods, with no continuity or necessary connexion of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, are obviously quite distinct from the ages or organically related periods into which philosophers have divided the whole course of human history . Auguste See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte, for instance, distinguishes three ages according to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of knowledge in each, and he supposes that we are now entering upon the third of these . In the first age of his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme knowledge is supernatural or fictitious; in the second it is metaphysical or abstract; in the third it is See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive or scientific . Schemes somewhat similar have been proposed by other philosophers, chiefly of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and seem to be regarded by them as essential to any See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of history . (3) The subject of the duration of human and animal life does not fall within the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, and the reader is referred to See also:

• LONGEVITY

LONGEVITY . But the word " age " has been used by physiologists to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express certain natural divisions in human development and decay . These are usually regarded as numbering five, viz. See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, lasting to the seventh year; childhood to the fourteenth; youth to the twenty-first; adult life till fifty; and old age . (4) The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of human life into periods for legal purposes is naturally more See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp and definite than in See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology .

It would be unscientific in the physiologist to name any precise year for the transition from one of his stages to another, inasmuch as that differs very considerably among different nations, and even to some extent among different individuals of the same nation . But the law must necessarily be fixed and See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, and even where it professes to proceed according to nature, must be more precise than nature . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law divided human life for its purposes into four chief periods, which had their subdivisions—(r) in fantia, lasting till the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the seventh year; (2) the period between infantia and pubertas, See also:

• MALES

males becoming puberes at four-teen and See also:

• FEMALES

females at twelve; (3) adolescentia, the period between See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty and See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority; and (4) the period after the twenty-fifth year, when males became majores . The first period was one of See also:

• TOTAL

total legal incapacity; in the second period a person could lawfully do certain specified acts, but only with the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor or guardian; in the third the restrictions were fewer, males being permitted to See also:

• MANAGE

manage their own See also:

• PROPERTY

property, See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and make a will; but majority was not reached until the age of twenty-five . By See also:

• ENGLISH

English law there are two great periods into which life is divided—infancy, which lasts in both sexes until the twenty-first year, and manhood or womanhood The period of infancy, again, is divided into several stages, marked by the growing development both of rights and obligations . Thus at twelve years of age a male may take the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance; at fourteen both sexes are held to have arrived at years of discretion, and may therefore choose guardians, give See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence and consent or disagree to a marriage . A See also:

• FEMALE

female has the last See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege from the twelfth year, but the marriage cannot be celebrated until the majority of the parties without the consent of parents or guardians . At fourteen, too, both sexes are fully responsible to the criminal law . Between seven and fourteen there is responsibility only if the accused be proved doli capax, capable of discerning between right and wrong, the principle in that See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case being that malitia supplet aetatem . At twenty-one both males and females obtain their full legal rights, and become liable to all legal obligations . A seat in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament may be taken at twenty-one . Certain professions, however, demand as a qualifi.• cation in entrants a more advanced age than that of legal man-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood .

In the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon's orders must be twenty-three (in the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, twenty-two) and for See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's orders twenty-four years of age; and no clergyman is eligible for a bishopric under See also:

• THIRTY

thirty . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland infancy is not a legal term . The time previous to majority, which, as in England, is reached by both sexes at twenty-one, is divided into two stages: pupilage lasts until the attainment of puberty, which the law fixes at fourteen in males and twelve in females; minority lasts from these ages respectively until twenty-one . Minority obviously corresponds in some degree to the English years of discretion, but a Scottish See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor has more See also:

• PERSONAL

personal rights than an English See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant in the last stage of his infancy, e.g he may dispose by will of movable property, make contracts, carry on See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and, as a necessary consequence, is I able to be declared a bankrupt . In France the year of majority is twenty-one, and the nubile age eighteen for males and fifteen for females, with a restriction as to the consent of guardians . Age qualification for the chamber of deputies is twenty-five and for the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate See also:

• FORTY

forty years . In Germany, majority is reached at twenty-one, the nubile age is twenty for males and sixteen for females, subject to the consent of parents . Without the consent of parents, the age is twenty-five for males and twenty-four for females . The age qualification for the Reichstag is twenty-five . In See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria the age of majority is twenty-four, and the nubile age fourteen for either See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, subject to the consent of the parents . In See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, qualified majority is reached at eighteen and full majority at twenty-five . The nubile age is twenty for males and sixteen for females .

In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, majority is reached at twenty-three; the nubile age is eighteen for males and sixteen for females . In See also:

• GREECE

Greece the age of majority is twenty-one, and the nubile age sixteen for males and fourteen for females . In See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland the age of majority is twenty-one, and the nubile age eighteen for males and sixteen for females . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, majority is reached at twenty-one; the nubile age is eighteen for males and fifteen for females . In See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland the age of majority is twenty, and.the nubile age is eighteen for males and sixteen for females . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States the age qualification for a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president is thirty-five, for a senator thirty and fora representative twenty-five .