AGIS  , the name of four Spartan See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings: (I) Son of Eurysthenes, founder of the royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of the Agiadae (See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias 2.1) . His See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy was traced through See also:

• ARISTODEMUS (8th century s.c.)

Aristodemus, Aristomachus, Cleodaeus and Hyllus to Heracles (See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus vii . 204), and he belongs rather to See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology than to See also:

• HISTORY

history . Tradition ascribed to him the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the maritime See also:

• TOWN

town of Helos, which resisted his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to curtail its guaranteed rights, and the institution of the class of See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs called See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

Helots (q.v.) . See also:

• EPHORUS (c. 400–330 B.C.)

Ephorus ap . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, viii. p . 365 . (2) Son of Archidamus II., Eurypontid, commonly called Agis I . He succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father, probably in 427 B.C., and from his first invasion of See also:

• ATTICA

Attica in 425 down to the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Peloponnesian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Spartan operations on See also:

• LAND

land . After the conclusion of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• NICIAS
• NICIAS (d. 414 B.C.)

Nicias (421 B.C.) he marched against the Argives in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• EPIDAURUS

Epidaurus, and after skilful manceuvring surrounded the Argive See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and seemed to have victory within his grasp when he unaccountably concluded a four months' truce and withdrew his forces . The Spartans were indignant, and when the Argives and their See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, in flagrant disregard of the truce, took Arcadian See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus and prepared to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march on See also:

• TEGEA

Tegea, their fury knew no See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds, and Agis escaped having his house razed and a See also:

• FINE

fine of See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000 drachmae imposed only by promising to atone for his See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error by a See also:

• SIGNAL

signal victory . This promise he brilliantly fulfilled by routing the forces of the Argive confederacy at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Mantinea (418), the moral effect of which was out of all proportion to the losses inflicted on the enemy .

In the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter 417–416 a further expedition to See also:

• ARGOS

Argos resulted in the destruction of the See also:

• HALF

half-finished See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long Walls and the capture of Hysiae . In 413, on the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, he fortified See also:

• DECELEA (Gr. DeeeXeta); an Attic deme, on the pass which led over the east end of Mt. Parnes towards Oropus and Chalcis. From its position it has a commanding view over the Athenian plain. Its eponymous %; ro, Decelus, was said to have indicated to the Ty

Decelea in Attica, where he remained directing operations until, after the battle of See also:

• AEGOSPOTAMI (i.e. " Goat Streams ")

Aegospotami (405), he took the leading See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, which was ended in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring 404 by the surrender of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Subsequently he invaded and ravaged See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis, forcing the Eleans to acknowledge the freedom of their See also:

• PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

perioeci and to allow Spartans to take part in the Olympic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games and sacrifices . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell See also:

• ILL

ill on his return from See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi, where he had gone to dedicate a tithe of the spoils, and, probably in 401, died at See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, where he was buried with unparalleled solemnity and pomp . Thuc. iii . 89, iv . 2 . 6, v., vii . 19 . 27, viii.; See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Hellenica, i . I, H . 2 .

3, Ill . 2 . 3; Diodorus xii . 35, xiii . 72, 73, 107; Pausanias iii . 8 . 3-8; See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• LYSANDER (Gr. Abcavdpos)

Lysander ix . 14 . 22, Alcibiades 23-25, See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus I2, A gesilaus i . 3, de Tranquill . Anim.6 . (See PELOPONNESIAN WAR.) (3) Son of Archidamus III., of the Eurypontid See also:

• LINE

line, commonly called Agis II .

He succeeded his father in 338 B.C., on the very See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the battle of Chaeronea . During See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander's See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he revolted against See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia (333 B.C.) and, with the aid of See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• MONEY

money and See also:

• SHIPS

ships and a force of 8000 See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek mercenaries, gained considerable successes in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete . In the Peloponnese he routed a force under Corragus and, although Athens held aloof, he was joined by Elis, See also:

• ACHAEA

Achaea (except Pellene) and See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia, with the exception of See also:

• MEGALOPOLIS

Megalopolis, which the allies besieged . See also:

• ANTIPATER (398?-319 B.C.)

Antipater marched rapidly to its See also:

• RELIEF

relief at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a large army, and the allied force was defeated after a desperate struggle (331) and Agis was slain . Pausanias iii. to . 5; Diodorus xvii . 48, 62, 63; See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin xii . I; See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius iv . 1, 39, vi . I ; See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian, See also:

• ANABASIS

Anabasis, ii . 13 . (4) Son of Eudamidas II., of the Eurypontid See also:

• FAMILY

family, commonly called Agis III .

He succeeded his father probably in 245 B.C., in his twentieth See also:

• YEAR

year . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had been brought to the brink of ruin by the growth of avarice and luxury; there was a glaring inequality in the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of land and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, and the number of full citizens had sunk to 700, of whom about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo practically monopolized the land . Though reared in the height of luxury he at once determined to restore the traditional institutions of Lycurgus, with the aid of Lysander, a descendant of the See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

victor of Aegospotami, and Mandrocleidas, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of noted prudence and courage; even his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, the wealthy Agesistrata, threw herself heartily into the cause . A powerful but not disinterested ally was found in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Agesilaus, who hoped to rid himself of his debts without losing his vast estates . Lysander as See also:

• EPHOR (Gr. i4opos)

ephor proposed on behalf of Agis that all debts should be cancelled and that See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia should be divided into 19,500 lots, of which 4500 should be given to Spartiates, whose number was to be recruited from the best of the perioeci and foreigners, and the remaining 15,000 to perioeci who could See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms . The Agiad king See also:

• LEONIDAS

Leonidas having prevailed on the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council to reject this measure, though by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of only one, was deposed in favour of his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Cleombrotus, who assisted Agis in bearing down opposition by the See also:

• THREAT

threat of force . The abolition of debts was carried into effect, but the land distribution was put qff by Agesilaus on various pretexts . At this point See also:

• ARATUS

Aratus appealed to Sparta to help the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans in repelling an expected Aetolian attack, and Agis was sent to the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus at the head of an army . In his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence the open violence and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion of Agesilaus, combined with the popular disappointment at the failure of the agrarian See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, brought about the restoration of Leonidas and the deposition of Cleombrotus, who took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge at the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at Taenarum and escaped See also:

• DEATH

death only at the entreaty of his wife, Leonidas's daughter Chilonis . On his return Agis fled to the temple of Athene Chalcioecus at Sparta, but soon afterwards he was treacherously induced to leave his See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum and, after a mockery of a trial, was strangled in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, his mother and grandmother sharing the same See also:

• FATE

fate (241) . Though too weak and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-natured to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with the problem which confronted him, Agis was characterized by a sincerity of purpose and a blend of youthful modesty with royal dignity, which render him perhaps the most attractive figure in the whole of Spartan history . See Plutarch's See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography .

Pausanias' accounts (ii . 8 . 5, vii . 7 . 3, viii. to . 5-8, 27 . 13) of his attack on Megalopolis, his seizure of Pellene and his death at Mantinea fighting against the Arcadians, Achaeans and Sicyonians are without See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation (J . C . F . Manso, Sparta, iii . 2 . 123-127) .

See also Manso, op. cit. iii . 1 . 276-302; B . Niese, Geschichte der griechischen and makedonischen Staaten, ii . 299-303 . (M . N .