See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

AGRICOLA (the Latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the name See also:

• BAUER, BRUNO (1809-1882)

BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, known as " the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy," was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GLAUCHAU

Glauchau in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony on the 24th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1490 . Gifted with a precocious See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, he See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early threw himself into the pursuit of the " new learning," with such effect that at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he was appointed See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

Rector extraordinarius of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek at the so-called See also:

• GREAT

Great School of See also:

• ZWICKAU

Zwickau, and made his See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as a writer on See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology . After two years he gave up his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to pursue his studies at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, where, as rector, he received the powerful support of the See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Mosellanus (1493-1524), a celebrated humanist of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, with whom he had already been in See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence . Here he also devoted himself to the study of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, physics and See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Mosellanus he went for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he took his See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degree . On his return he settled as practising physician in the Joachimstal, a centre of See also:

• MINING

mining and smelting See also:

• WORKS

works, his See also:

• OBJECT

object being partly " to fill in the gaps in the See also:

• ART

art of healing," partly to test what had been written about mineralogy by careful observation of ores and the methods of their treatment . His thorough grounding in philology and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy had accustomed him to systematic thinking, and this enabled him to construct out of his studies and observations of minerals a logical See also:

• SYSTEM

system which he began to publish in 1528 . Bernannus, live de re metallica dialogus, the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reduce to scientific order the knowledge won by See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• WORK

work, brought See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola into See also:

• NOTICE

notice . In 1530 See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of Saxony appointed him historiographer with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, and he migrated to See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz, the centre of the mining See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, in order to widen the range of his observations . The citizens showed their appreciation of his learning by appointing him See also:

• TOWN

town physician and electing him burgomaster . His popularity was,however, short-lived . Chemnitz was a violent centre of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, while Agricola never wavered in his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the old See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion; and he was forced to resign his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office .

He now lived apart from the contentious movements of the time, devoting himself wholly to learning . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest was still in mineralogy; but he occupied himself also with medical, mathematical, theological and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical subjects, his chief historical work being the Dominatores Saxonici a prima origine ad hanc aetatem, published at See also:

• FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

Freiberg . In 1544 he published the De ortu et causis subterraneorum, in which he laid the first See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, and criticized the theories of the ancients . In 1545 followed the De natura eorum quae effluunt e terra; in 1546 the De veteribus et novis metallis, a comprehensive See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery and occurrence of minerals; in 1548 the De animantibus subterraneis; and in the two following years a number of smaller works on the metals . His most famous work, the De re metallica, libri xii., was published in 1556, though apparently finished several years before, since the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to the elector and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother is dated 1550 . It is a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and systematic See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on mining and metallurgy, illustrated with many See also:

• FINE

fine and interesting woodcuts and containing, in an appendix, the German equivalents for the technical terms used in the Latin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . Tt See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work, and marks its author as one of the most accomplished chemists of his time . Believing the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of the Schlossberg at Stolpen to be the same as See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny's See also:

• BASALT

basalt, he applied this name to it, and thus originated a petrological See also:

• TERM

term which has been permanently incorporated in the vocabulary of science . In spite of the early See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that Agricola had given of the tolerance of his own religious attitude, he was not suffered to end his days in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . He remained to the end a staunch See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, though all Chemnitz had gone over to the Lutheran creed; and it is said that his See also:

• LIFE

life was ended by a See also:

• FIT

fit of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy brought on by a heated discussion with a Protestant diyine . He died at Chemnitz on the 21st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1555, and so violent was the theological feeling against him, that he was not suffered to See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest in the town to which he had added lustre . Amidst hostile demonstrations he was carried to See also:

• ZEITZ

Zeitz, seven See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from Chemnitz, and there buried .

See See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by See also:

• GUMBEL, KARL WILHELM VON, BARON (1823-1898)

Gumbel in Allgem . Deutsche Biog . (1875) ; F . L . See also:

• BECHER, JOHANN JOACHIM (1635-1682)

Becher, Georg Agricola and See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner (Freiberg, I819); F . A . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, Georg Agricola's Bermannus mit Einleitung (Freiberg, 18o6) ; See also:

• POGGENDORFF, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1796-1877)

Poggendorff, Biographisches Handworterbuch; Agricolas works passim .