See also:

• AHASUERUS (the Latinized form of the Hebrew siSi nte; in LXX. 'AQ rofrgpos, once in Tobit 'Ao o pos)

AHASUERUS (the Latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew siSi nte; in LXX. 'AQ rofrgpos, once in See also:

• TOBIT, THE BOOK OF

Tobit 'Ao o pos)  , a royal See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian or Median name occurring in three of the books of the Old Testament and in orie of the books of the Apocrypha . In every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person named is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of controversy . In See also:

• DAN

Dan. ix. r See also:

• AHASUERUS (the Latinized form of the Hebrew siSi nte; in LXX. 'AQ rofrgpos, once in Tobit 'Ao o pos)

Ahasuerus is the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius the Mede, who " was made See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king over the See also:

• REALM

realm of the Chaldeans " after the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon and See also:

• DEATH

death of Belshazzar . Who this Darius was is one of the most difficult questions in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HISTORY

history . Nabonidos (Nabunaid, Nabu-nahid) was immediately succeeded by See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus, who ruled the whole Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Darius may possibly have acted under Cyrus as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Babylon, but this view is not favoured by Dan. vi . 1, vi . 25, for Darius (v . 31) is said to have been sixty-two years old at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (638 B.c.) . This would make him contemporary with See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar, which agrees with Tob. xiv . 15, where we read " of the destruction of See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, which Nebuchadnezzar and Ahasuerus took See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive." As a matter of fact, however, See also:

• CYAXARES (Pers. Uvakhshatra)

Cyaxares and Nabopolassar were the conquerors of Nineveh, and the latter was the father of Nebuchadrezzar . Cyrus did, on ascending the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Babylon, appoint a governor of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, but his name was Gobryas, the son of Mardonius .

The truth is, no doubt, as Prof . See also:

• SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1846- )

Sayce points out, that the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel was not meant to be strictly See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical . As Prof . See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

Driver says, " tradition, it can hardly be doubted, has here confused persons and events in reality distinct " (Literature of the Old Test . (6) p . 500) . In See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra iv . 6 Ahasuerus is mentioned as a king of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, to whom the enemies of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews sent representations opposing the rebuilding of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . Here the sequence of the reigns in the Biblical writer and,in the profane historians—in the one, Cyrus, Ahasuerus, See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes, Darius; in the other, Cyrus, See also:

• CAMBYSES (528-521)
• CAMBYSES (Pers. Kambujiya)

Cambyses, See also:

• SMERDIS (52I)
• SMERDIS (Pers. Bardiya; by Ctesias, Pers. 8, called Tanyoxarces; by Xenophon, Cyrop. viii. 7. 11, who takes the name from Ctesias, Tanaoxares; by Justin i. 9, Mergis; in Aeschylus, Pers. 774, Mardos)

Smerdis, Darius—led in the past (See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald, &c.) to the identification of Ahasuerus with Cambyses (529-522 B.c.), son of Cyrus . The name Khshaydrshd, however, has been found in Persian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions, and has been thought to be See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

Xerxes (485-465 B.C.) of the Greeks . On Babylonian tablets both the forms Khishiarshu and Akkashiarshi occur amongst others . See also:

• MODERN

Modern scholars, therefore, identify the Ahasuerus of Ezra with Xerxes .

In the book of See also:

• ESTHER

Esther the king of Persia is called Ahasuerus (rendered in LXX . " Artaxerxes " throughout) . The identification of Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I . Longimanus, the son and successor of Xerxes, though countenanced by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, deserves little See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . Most students are agreed that he must be a monarch of the Achaemenian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, earlier than Artaxerxes I.; and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is divided between Darius See also:

• HYSTASPES (the Greek form of the Persian Vishtaspa)

Hystaspes and Xerxes . In support of the former view it is alleged, among other things, that Darius was the first Persian king of whom it could be said, as in Esther i . 1, that he " reigned from See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India even unto See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, over an See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and seven and twenty provinces "; and that it was also the distinction of Darius that (Esther x . I) he laid " a See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute upon the See also:

• LAND

land and upon the isles of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea " (cf . See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. iii . 89) . In support of the identification with Xerxes it is alleged (1) that the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew 'Ahashverosh is the natural equivalent of the old Persian Khshayarsha, the true name of Xerxes; (2) that there is a striking similarity of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character between the Xerxes of Hetodotus and the Ahasuerus of Esther; (3) that certain coincidences in See also:

• DATES

dates and events 'See See also:

• TRUMBULL, JAMES HAMMOND (1821-1897)
• TRUMBULL, JOHN (1750-1831)
• TRUMBULL, JOHN (1756-1843)
• TRUMBULL, JONATHAN (1710-1785)
• TRUMBULL, LYMAN (1813-1896)

Trumbull, See also:

• THRESHOLD

Threshold See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant, pp . 46 sqq.; Haddon, Study of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, pp .

347 sqq.; P . Sartori, Zestschr. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Ethnologie, 1898, Pp . 1 seq . corroborate this identity, as, e.g., the feast in the king's third See also:

• YEAR

year (cf . Esther i . 3 with Herod. vii . 8), the return of Xerxes to See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa in the seventh year of his reign and the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of Ahasuerus at Shushan in the same year of his . To this it may be added that the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of four years between the See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce of Vashti and the marriage of Esther is well accounted for by the intervention of an important See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of events fully occupying the monarch's thoughts, such as the invasion of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . See articles " Ahasuerus " in the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Biblica, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, the Jewish Encyclopaedia; S . R . Driver, Introd. to the Lit. of the Old Test . ; See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• DELITZSCH
• DELITZSCH, FRANZ (1813–1890)

Delitzsch in the Calwer Bibellexikon (1893) .