See also:

• AJANTA (more properly AJUNTHA)

AJANTA (more properly AJUNTHA)  , a See also:

• VILLAGE

village in the dominions of the See also:

• NIZAM

Nizam of See also:

• HYDERABAD, HAIDARABAD
• HYDERABAD, or HAIDARABAD

Hyderabad in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (N. See also:

• LAT

lat . 20° 32' by E. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 75° 48'), celebrated for its See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave hermitages and halls . The caves are in a wooded and rugged See also:

• RAVINE

ravine about 32 M. from the village . Along the bottom of the ravine runs the See also:

• RIVER

river Wagura, a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain stream, which forces its way into the valley over a See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

bluff on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and forms in its descent a beautiful See also:

• WATERFALL

waterfall, or rather See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of waterfalls, 200 ft. high, the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of which must have been constantly audible to the dwellers in the caves . These are about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty in number, excavated in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the precipitous See also:

• BANK

bank of the ravine, and vary from 35 to 110 ft. in See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation above the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the torrent . The caves are of two kinds—dwelling-halls and See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-halls . The former, as one enters from the pathway along the sides of the cliff, have a broad See also:

• VERANDAH, or VERANDA

verandah, its roof supported by pillars, and giving towards the interior on to a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall averaging in See also:

• SIZE

size about 35 ft. by 20 ft . To See also:

• LEFT

left and right, and at the back, dormitories are excavated opening on to this hall, and in the centre of the back, facing the entrance, an See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of the See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha usually stands in a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche . The number of dormitories varies according to the size of the hall, and in the larger ones pillars support the roof on all three sides, forming a sort of See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the hall . The meeting-halls go back into the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock about twice as far as the dwelling-halls; the largest of them being 942 ft. from the verandah to the back, and 414 ft. across, including the cloister . They were used as See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-houses for the meetings of the Buddhist See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order .

The caves are in three See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• GROUP

group being of various See also:

• DATES

dates from 200 B.C. to A.D.200, the second. group belonging, approximately, to the 6th, and the third group to the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . Most of the interior walls of the caves were covered with See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco paintings, of a considerable degree of merit, and somewhat in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian painters . When first discovered, in 1817, these frescoes were in a See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of preservation, but they have since been allowed to go hopelessly to ruin . Fortunately, the school of See also:

• ART

art in Bombay, especially under the supervision of J . Griffiths, had copied in See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours a number of them before the last vestiges had disappeared, and other copies of certain of the paintings have also been made . These copies are invaluable as being the only See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence we now have of pictorial art in India before the rise of See also:

• HINDUISM

Hinduism . The expression " Cave Temples " used by Anglo-See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of such halls is inaccurate . See also:

• AJANTA (more properly AJUNTHA)

Ajanta was a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college monastery . Hstian Tsang informs us that DinnAga, the celebrated Buddhist philosopher and controversialist, author of well-known books on See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, resided there . In its See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement must have afforded See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for several hundreds, teachers and pupils combined . Very few of the frescoes have been identified, but two are illustrations of stories in Arya Sara's Ja,taka Maid, as appears from verses in Buddhist See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit painted beneath them . See J .

See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

Burgess and Bhagwanlal Indraji, See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions from the Cave Temples of Western India (Bombay, 1881) ; J . See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson and J . Burgess, Cave Temples of India (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1880) ; J . Griffiths, Paintings in the Buddhist Cave Temples of Ajanta (London, 2 vols., 1896-1897) . (T . W . R .