See also:

• AKKAD (Gr. versions apxat and hXab)

AKKAD (Gr. versions apxat and hXab)  , a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name, mentioned only once in the Old Testament (Gen. x. to), for one of the four See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cities, See also:

• AKKAD (Gr. versions apxat and hXab)

Akkad, See also:

• BABEL

Babel, See also:

• ERECH (Uruk in the Babylonian inscriptions; Gr. Orchoe)

Erech and Calneh, which constituted the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• NIMROD (-`s??, -i=s; Septuagint, Nef3pc5£: various reading in Gen. x. 8, Nef3p6av: Vulg. Nemrod)

Nimrod in the See also:

• LAND

land of Shinar or Babylonia . This Biblical See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, Akkad, was most probably identical with the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Babylonian city known to us as Agade (not Agane, as formerly read), which was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seat of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Babylonian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• SARGON

Sargon I . (.argani-garali), whose date is given by Nabonidus, the last Semitic king of Babylonia (555—537 B.c.), as 3800 B.C., which is perhaps too old by 700 or 1000 years.' The probably non-Semitic name Agade occurs in a number of inscriptions2 and is now well attested as having been the name of an important See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . The later Assyro-Babylonian Semitic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Akkadu ("of or belonging to Akkad ") is, in all likelihood, a Semitic See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan form from the non-Semitic name Agade, and seems to be an additional demonstration of the identity of Agade and Akkad . The usual signs denoting Akkadu in the Semitic narrative See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions were read in the non-Semitic See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom See also:

• URI

uri-ki or ur-ki, " land of the city," which simply meant that Akkadu was the land of the city See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, i.e. of the city of Agade of Sargon I., which remained for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the leading city of Babylonia.' It is quite probable that the non-Semitic name Agade may mean "See also:

• CROWN

crown (See also:

• AGA, or AGHA

aga) of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire (de)"' in allusion to Istar, " the brilliant goddess," the tutelar deity of the See also:

• MORNING

morning and evening See also:

• STAR

star and the goddess of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and love, whose cult was observed in very early times in Agade . This fact is again attested by Nabonidus, whose See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record 5 mentions that the Istar See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, another personification of the I"star See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, whose See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine was at Sippar . It is significant in this connexion that there were two cities named Sippar, one under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• SHAMASH, or AMAS

Shamash, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• GOD

god, and one under this Anunit, a fact which points strongly to the probable proximity of Sippar and Agade . In fact, it has been thought that Agade-Akkad was situated opposite Sippar on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, and was probably the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• PART

part of the city of Sippar . In the Assyro-Babylonian literature the name Akkadu appears as part of the royal See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title in connexion with See also:

• SUMER

Sumer; viz. non-Semitic: lugal Kengi (ki) Uru (ki)=.f ar See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat Sumeri u Akkadi, " king of Sumer and Akkad," which appears to have meant simply " king of Babylonia." It is not likely, as many scholars have thought, that Akkad was ever used geographically as a distinctive appellation for northern Babylonia, or that the name Sumer (q.v.) denoted the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the land, because See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings who ruled only over Southern Babylonia used the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double title " king of Sumer and Akkad," which was also employed by northern rulers who never established their sway farther See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south than See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur, notably the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian conqueror Tiglathpileser III . (745—727 B.C.) . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor McCurdy has very See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason-ably suggested 6 that the title "king of Sumer and Akkad " indicated merely a claim to the ancient territory and city of Akkad together with certain additional territory, but not neces- sarily all Babylonia, as was formerly believed . A discussion of the interesting question See also:

• RELATING

relating to the non- Semitic so-called Sumero-Akkadian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and See also:

• RACE

race will be found in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article SUMER .

See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince, Nabonidus, p. v . 2 In the Sargon inscriptions; Bab . Exped. of the Univ. of See also:

• PENN, WILLIAM (1621–1670)
• PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718)

Penn. i. pl . 1, nr . 1, See also:

• LINE

line 6; pl . 2, nr . 2, line 5; pl . 3, nr . 3, line 3b; also xi. pl . 49, nr . 119 and in Nebuchadnezzar, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col. ii. line 50 (Hilprecht, Freibrief Neb.); Cun . Texts from Bab .

Tablets, pl . 1, nr . 91146, line 3 . See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Babylonia and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria, i. pp . 365, 373-374 . Prince, " Materials for a Sumerian See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon," pp . 23, 73, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Biblical Literature, 1906 . 6 I . Rawl . 69, col. ii . 48 and iii . 28 .

" History, Prophecy and the Monuments, i . § I I0 .