ALABAMA  , a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, situated between 84° 51' and 88° 31' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long. and about 30° 13' and 350 N. See also:

• LAT

lat., bounded N. by See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee, E. by See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, S. by See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida and the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, and W. by See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi . Its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 51,998 sq. m., of which 719 are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The surface of Alabama in the N. and N.E., embracing about two-fifths of its area, is diversified and picturesque; the remaining portion is occupied by a gently undulating See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain having a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general incline See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-westward toward the Mississippi and the Gulf . Extending entirely across the state of Alabama for about 20 M . S. of its N. boundary, and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle stretching 6o m. farther S., is the See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau, or Tennessee Valley region, broken into broad table-lands by the See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . In the N. See also:

• PART

part of this plateau, W. of See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, there are about loon sq. m. of level See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands from 700 to 800 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . South of these highlands, occupying a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Tennessee See also:

• RIVER

river, is a delightful See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• ROLLING

rolling lowlands varying in See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation from 500 to Boo ft . To the N.E. of these highlands and lowlands is a rugged See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section with steep See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-sides, deep narrow coves and valleys, and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat mountain-tops . Its elevations range from 400 to 1800 ft . In the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of this region, the S. portion, the most prominent feature is Little Mountain, extending about 8o m. from E. to W. between two valleys, and rising precipitously on the N. side 500 ft. above them or r000 ft. above the sea . Adjoining the Cumberland Plateau region on the S.E. is the Appalachian Valley (locally known as Coosa Valley) region, which is the S. extremity of the See also:

• GREAT

great Appalachian Mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and occupies an area within the state of about 8000 sq. m . This is a See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt with parallel hard See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock ridges See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• STANDING

standing by erosion to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form mountains .

Although the general direction of the mountains, ridges and valleys is N.E. and S.W., irregularity is one of the most prominent characteristics . In the N.E. are several flat-topped mountains, of which See also:

• RACCOON
• RACCOON (or RACOON)

Raccoon and Lookout are the most prominent, having a maximum elevation near the Georgia See also:

• LINE

line of little more than 1800 ft. and gradually decreasing in height toward the S.W., where See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand Mountain is a continuation of Raccoon . South of these the mountains are marked by steep N.W. sides, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp crests and gently sloping S.E. sides . South-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Appalachian Valley region, the See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont Plateau also crosses the Alabama border from the N.E. and occupies a small triangular-shaped section of which See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay counties, together with the N. part of Tallapoosa and See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers, form the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal portion . Its surface is gently undulating and has an elevation' of about loco ft. above the sea . The Piedmont Plateau is a See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland worn down by erosion on hard crystalline rocks, then uplifted to form a plateau . The remainder of the state is occupied by the coastal plain . This is crossed by See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills and rolling prairies in the central part of the state, where it has a mean elevation of about 600 ft., becomes See also:

• LOWER

lower and more level toward the S.W., and in the extreme S. is flat and but slightly elevated above the sea . The Cumberland Plateau region is drained to the W.N.W. by the Tennessee river and its tributaries; all other parts of the state are drained to the S.W . In the Appalachian Valley region the Coosa is the principal river; and in the Piedmont Plateau, the Tallapoosa . In the Coastal Plain are the Tombigbee in the W., the Alabama (formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa) in the W. central, and in the E. the Chattahoochee, which forms almost See also:

• HALF

half of the Georgia boundary . The Tombigbee and Alabama unite near the S.W. corner of the state, their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters discharging into See also:

• MOBILE

Mobile See also:

• BAY

Bay by the Mobile and Tensas rivers .

The See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• WARRIOR

Warrior is a considerable stream which joins the Tombigbee from the E . The valleys in the N. and N.E. are usually deep and narrow, but in the Coastal Plain they are broad and in most cases rise in three successive terraces above the stream . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Mobile was formed by the drowning of the lower part of the valley of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers as a result of the sinking of the See also:

• LAND

land here, such sinking having occurred on other parts of the Gulf See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of Alabama are similar to those of the Gulf states in general and have no distinctive characteristics . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—The climate of Alabama is temperate and fairly See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of summer is tempered in the S. by the winds from. the Gulf of Mexico, and in the N. by the elevation above the sea . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is highest in the S.W. along the coast, and lowest in the N.E. among the highlands . Thus at Mobile the annual mean is 67° F., the mean for the summer 81°, and for the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter 52°; and at Valley See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, in De See also:

• KALB, JOHANN (" BARON DE KALB ") (1721—1780)

Kalb county, the annual mean is 59°, the mean for the summer 75°, and for the winter 410 . At See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery, in the central region, the average annual temperature is 66°, with a winter average of 490, and a summer average of 81° . The average winter minimum for the entire state is 35°, and there is an average of 35 days in each See also:

• YEAR

year in which the thermometer falls below the freezing-point . At extremely rare intervals the thermometer has fallen below zero, as was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in the remarkable See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WAVE

wave of the 12th–13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1899, when an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute minimum of 17° was registered at Valley Head . The highest temperature ever recorded was 109° in See also:

• TALLADEGA

Talladega county in 1902 .

The amount of precipitation is greatest along the coast (62 in.) and evenly distributed through the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the state (about 52 in.) . During each winter there is usually one fall of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow in the S. and two in the N.; but the snow quickly disappears, and sometimes, during an entire winter, the ground is not covered with snow . See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

Hail-storms occur in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and summer, but are seldom destructive . Heavy fogs are rare, and are confined chiefly to the coast . Thunderstorms occur through-out the year, but are most See also:

• COMMON

common in the summer . The prevailing winds are from the S . As regards its soil, Alabama may be divided into four regions . Extending from the Gulf northward for one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and fifty See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles is the See also:

• OUTER

outer belt of the Coastal Plain, also called the " See also:

• TIMBER

Timber Belt," whose soil is sandy and poor, but responds well to fertilization . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of this is the inner lowland of the Coastal Plain, or the " Black See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie," which includes some 13,000 sq. m. and seventeen counties . It receives its name from its soil (weathered from the weak under-lying limestone), which is black in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, almost destitute of sand and See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in limestone and See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl formations, especially adapted to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton; hence the region is also called the " Cotton Belt." Between the " Cotton Belt " and the Tennessee Valley is the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral region, the " Old Land " area—" a region of resistant rocks "—whose soils, also derived from weathering in situ, are of varied fertility, the best coming from the granites, sandstones and limestones, the poorest from the gneisses, See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists and slates . North of the mineral region is the " Cereal Belt," embracing the Tennessee Valley and the counties beyond, whose richest soils are the red See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and dark loarns of the river valley; north of which are less fertile soils, produced by siliceous and See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone formations . A griculture.—See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is the principal occupation in Alabama, giving employment to 64'5% of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population .

The See also:

• FARM

farm acreage in 1900 was 20,685,427 acres (62% of the entire surface of the state), of which 8,654,991 acres (41.8%) were improved . Under the system of slave labour which existed before 1860, the average See also:

• SIZE

size of the plantations tended to increase, but since 186o the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse has been true, the average See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation in 186o being 346 acres, and in 1900 92.7 acres . The average value per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre of farm land was $11.86 in 186o and $8.67 in 1900 . As to method of cultivation, 36.3 per cent of the farms were in 1900 managed by the owners, 33.3% by See also:

• CASH

cash renters, 24'4% by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants, and the remaining 6% by other methods . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief product is cotton, cultivated extensively in the " Black Belt " and less extensively in the other portions of the state . Cotton has always been the principal source of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, the amount of its exports at Mobile increasing from 7000 See also:

• BALES [BALESIUS], PETER (1547–1610?)

bales in 1818 to 25,000 bales in 1821, and the total product of the state in 1840 being See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that of 1830 . This was accompanied by an extensive employment of slave labour, and from 182o until 1860 the See also:

• RATE

rate of increase of the blacks was greater than that of the whites . The success of the economic system was such that in 186o the cotton See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of Alabama was nearly 1,000,000 bales (989,955 bales), being 18.4% of the entire cotton product of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The disorganization of labour resulting from the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War and the emancipation of slaves, was the cause of a temporary decline in the cotton crop . In 1889 the crop again approximated to 1,000,000 bales (915,210 bales, being 12.2% of the entire crop of the United States), and in 1899 it exceeded that amount, Alabama being See also:

• FOURTH

fourth among the states of the entire country . The total value of the farm products of Alabama in 1899 was $91,387,409; in 1889, $66,240,190; and in 1879, $56,872,994 . The average yield per acre has also increased under the system of See also:

• FREE

free labour .

In See also:

• RECENT

recent years there has been a tendency to diversify crops, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and oats being raised extensively in the " Cereal Belt." In 1906, according to the Year-See also:

• BOOK

Book of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture, the following were the acreages, yields and values of Alabama's more import-See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant crops (excepting cotton):—Indian corn, 2,990,387 acres, 47,849,392 bushels, $30,623,611; wheat, 98,639 acres, 1,085,029 bushels, $1,019,927; oats, 184,179 acres, 3,167,879 bushels, $1,615,618; See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, 56,350 acres, 109,882 tons, $1,461,431 . Minerals.—The chief feature of Alabama's See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• LIFE

life since 188o has been the exploitation of her See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• COAL

coal resources . The iron ore (found chiefly in the region of which See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham is the centre) is primarily red See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite and (much less important) See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown haematite; though as regards the latter Alabama ranked first among the states of the Union in 1905 (with 781,561 tons) . The total production of all classes of iron ores was 3,782,831 tons in 1905, Alabama ranking third in the Union in this respect . The production of bituminous coal has also increased very rapidly . Coal was first discovered in the state in 1834, and in 1840 the total production was 946 tons; in 187o it was 13,200 See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tons . The real development of the mines began in 1881 and 1882, and the product increased from 420,000 tons in 1881 to 1, 568,000 in 1883 . By 1890 it had increased to 4,090,409 tons, by 1900 to 8,394,275 tons, and by 1905 to 11,866,069 tons, valued at $14,387,721, making Alabama See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of the coal-producing states . Nearly 85 % of the coal is produced in three counties (See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson, See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker and Bibb), though the coal-bearing formations See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover about 40 % of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern half of the state . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and See also:

• BAUXITE

bauxite have also been discovered, but the greater richness of the iron and coal deposits has prevented their development . Manufactures.—The growth of manufactures in Alabama has been as remarkable as the See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of mineral wealth . In 188o the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested in manufactures was $9,668,008, little more than that ($9,098,181) in 186o; by 1890 it had increased to $46,122,571, or377.1 %; and in 1900 it amounted to $70,370,081, or 52.6 % more than in 1890.1 On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the proximity of coal, iron and limestone, the manufactures of iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel are the most extensive .

In 1895 it was demonstrated that Alabama See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron could be sent to See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and sold cheaper than the See also:

• ENGLISH

English product, and Birmingham (Alabama) came consequently to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank next to Middlesborough and See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow among the See also:

• WORLD

world centres of the pig-iron See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . The pig-iron produced in the state in 186o was valued at $64,590, in 187o at $210,258, in 188o at $1,405,356, in 1900 at $13,487,769, and in 1905 at $16,614,577 . In the production of foundry pig-iron Alabama held first rank both in 1900 and in 1905 . The manufacture of steel, though in its See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, gave promise of equalling that of iron, and the See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is also of growing importance, the product of Alabama during the five years from 1896 to 1901 showing a greater increase, relatively, than that of the other states . In 19oo the state ranked sixth and in 1905 fifth among the states of the United States in the manufactures of iron and steel . In 1905 the value of the product was 2.7 % of the value of the total iron and steel product of the country, and 22.6 % of the value of all the state's factory products . In 1900 and in 1905 Alabama ranked second among 1 The See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of manufactures taken in 1905 was confined to manufacturing establishments conducted under the so-called " factory system." According to this census the capital invested was $105,382,859, and the value of products was $109,169,922 . The corresponding figures for 1900, if the same See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard be taken for purposes of comparison, would be $60,165,904 and $72,109,929 . During the five years, therefore, the capital invested in establishments under the factory system increased 75.2 %, and the value of products 51.4 %.the states of the Union in the production of coke, its product being more than one-tenth of that for the whole country, and more than one-twentieth (5.2 %o in 'goo; 5.7 %o in 1905) of all the factory products of the state . The demand for coke is due to the rapidly growing iron and steel industry . Great possibilities were also shown for the production of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber and See also:

• NAVAL

naval stores . Approximately three-fourths of the total area of the state is See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-land .

In the " Timber Belt " the forests of long See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine have an estimated stand of 21,192 million ft.; and in 1905 the product of sawed lumber was valued at $13,563,815 . Of this, yellow pine represented $11,320,909, See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak $886,746, and See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar $627,686 . In the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1890–1900 the number of See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine factories increased from 7 to 152, and their product in 1900 and in 1905 ranked Alabama third among the states in that industry . The value of the turpentine and See also:

• ROSIN (a later variant of " resin," q.v.)

rosin products in 1905 was $2,434,365 . The manufacture of cotton goods has also See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed rapidly . As See also:

• LATE

late as 1890 there were only 13 cotton See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills in Alabama, one more than the number in 185o; in 1900 there were 31, representing a capital of $11,638,757 and an annual product valued at $8,153,136, an increase of 272.2 % over the product ($2,190,771) of 189o; in 1905 there were 46 establishments, representing a capital of $24,758,049 (an increase of 112.7 % over that of 1900), and having a product (for the year) of $16,760,332, an increase of 105.6 % over that for 1900 . To encourage the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of cotton mills the legislature of 1896–1897 exempted from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation during the succeeding ten years all capital that should be invested in the manufacture of cotton, provided that $50,000 or more be invested in buildings and machinery . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of less importance are See also:

• FLOUR

flour, fertilizers and tanned See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . Communications.—The navigable mileage of the Alabama rivers is 2000 m., but obstructions often prevent the formation of a continuous route, notably the " Muscle Shoals " of the Tennessee, extending from a point 10 m. below See also:

• DECATUR
• DECATUR, STEPHEN (1779-1820)

Decatur to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, a distance of 38 m . To remove or circumvent these impediments, and to improve the Mobile harbour, the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government spent, between 1870 and 1904, approximately $12,000,000 . As the streams in the mineral region are not navigable, the See also:

• RAIL

rail-ways are the See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers of-its products .2 Here all the large systems of the southern states find an entrance, the Mobile & See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, the Southern (See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen & See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

Crescent Route), the See also:

• LOUISVILLE

Louisville & See also:

• NASHVILLE

Nashville, and the 'Frisco system affording communication with the Mississippi and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and the Southern, Seaboard See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air Line, See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Coast Line, and the Central of Georgia forming connexions with northern and Atlantic states . Mobile, the only seaport of the state, has a channel 30 ft. deep, on which the See also:

• NATIONAL

national government spends large sums of See also:

• MONEY

money; yet an increasing amount of Alabama cotton is sent to New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans for shipment, and See also:

• PENSACOLA

Pensacola, Florida, receives much of the lumber .

Population.—In 188o the inhabitants of Alabama numbered 1,262,505; in 1890, 1,513,017, an increase of 17 %; in 1900, 1,828,697, a further increase of 20 % . This population is notable for its large proportion of negroes (45.23 %), its insignificant See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element (.o8 %), and the small percentage of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban in-habitants (10 %) . As regards See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church membership, the See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists are much the most numerous, followed by the Methodists, the . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics and the Presbyterians . In 1900 there were 201 incorporated cities, towns and villages in the state, but of these only nine had a population in excess of 5000, and only three a population in excess of 25,000 . These three were Mobile (38,469), Birmingham (38,415), and Montgomery (30,346), the capital of the state . Other important cities, with their populations, were See also:

• SELMA

Selma (8713), See also:

• ANNISTON

Anniston (9695), See also:

• HUNTSVILLE

Huntsville (8o68), See also:

• BESSEMER
• BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (1813-1898)

Bessemer (6358), See also:

• TUSCALOOSA

Tuscaloosa (5094), Talladega (5o56), Eufaula (4532) and . See also:

• TUSKEGEE

Tuskegee (2170) . In 1910 the population was 2,138,093 . Government.—Alabama has been governed under five constitutions, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original constitution of 1819, the revision of 1865, the constitutions of 1868 and 1875, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present ,constitution, which was framed in 1901 . The last has a number of notable provisions . It lengthened the See also:

• TERM

term of service of executive and legislative officials from two to four years, made that of the 2 The railway mileage of the state on the 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1906 was 4805.58 M .

judiciary six years, provided for quadrennial sessions of the legislature, and introduced the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The passage of See also:

• LOCAL

local or special bills by the legislature was prohibited . A See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision intended to prevent See also:

• LOBBYING

lobbying is that no one except legislators and the representatives of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press may be admitted to the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House except by unanimous See also:

• VOTE

vote . No executive See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official can succeed himself in office, and the governor cannot be elected or appointed to the United States See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate, or to any state office during his term as governor, or within one year thereafter . Sheriffs whose prisoners suffer See also:

• MOB

mob violence may be impeached . The constitution eliminated the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro from politics by a See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage clause which went into effect in 1903 . This limits the right to vote to those who can read and write any See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the constitution of the United States, and have worked or been regularly engaged in some lawful employment, business or occupation, trade or calling for the greater part of the twelve months next preceding the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they offer to See also:

• REGISTER

register, unless prevented from labour or ability to read and write by physical See also:

• DISABILITY

disability, or who own See also:

• PROPERTY

property assessed at $300 upon which the taxes have been paid; but those who have served in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army or See also:

• NAVY

navy of the United States or of the See also:

• CON

Con-federate States in time of war, their lawful descendants in every degree, and persons of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character " who understand the duties and obligations of citizenship under a republican form of government," are relieved from the operation of this See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law provided they registered See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the loth of December 1902 . The second of these exceptions is known as the " Grandfather Clause." No See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man may vote in any See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election who has not by the 1st of February next preceding that election paid all See also:

• POLL

poll taxes due from him to the state . In 1902 nine-tenths of the negroes in the state were disqualified from voting.' The constitution of 1901 (like that of 1867) and special statutes require See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and negro See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . A " Jim See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow " law was enacted in 1891 . Buying, selling or offering to buy or sell a vote has for See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty disfranchisement, and since 1891 the Australian See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot system has been used . The governor, auditor and See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general are required to prepare and present to each legislature a general See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue See also:

• BILL

bill, and the secretary of state, with the last two See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, constitute a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of pardons who make recommendations to the governor, who, however, is not See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to follow their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice in the exercise of his pardoning See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power .

State officials are forbidden to accept railway passes from rail-way companies, and individuals are forbidden to receive See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight rebates . The constitution of 1901 exempted a See also:

• HOMESTEAD

homestead of 8o acres of farm land, or of a house and See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot not exceeding $2000 in value, from liability for any See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt contracted since the 3oth of See also:

• JULY

July 1868 except for a mortage on it to which the wife consented; See also:

• PERSONAL

personal property to the value of $r000 is exempted . Under the civil See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of 1897 the earnings of a wife are her separate property, and it is provided that " no woman, nor any boy under See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve years, shall be employed to See also:

• WORK

work or labour in or about any mine in this state." By acts of 1903 See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child labour under 12 years is forbidden in any factory unless for support of " a widowed See also:

• MOTHER

mother or aged or disabled See also:

• FATHER

father," or unless the child is an indigent See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan; " no child under the age of ten years shall be so employed under any circumstances." Certificates of children's ages are necessary before a child is employed; false certification is forbidden under penalty of a See also:

• FINE

fine of from $5 to $See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo or hard labour not exceeding three months . No child under 13 may do See also:

• NIGHT

night work at all . No child ' In See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles v . See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris, 189 U.S . 474, a negro asked that the See also:

• DEFENDANT

defendant board of registry be required to enrol his name and the names of other negroes on the See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration lists, and that certain sections of the constitution of Alabama be declared void as being contrary to the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the federal constitution . The Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court dismissed the bill on the grounds that See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity has no See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over See also:

• POLITICAL

political matters; that, assuming the fraudulent character of the objectionable constitutional provisions, the court was in effect asked to assist in administering a See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud; and that See also:

• RELIEF

relief " must be given by them [the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the state] or by the legislative and political departments of the government of the United States." The case attracted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; and it is often erroneously said that the court upheld the disfranchising clauses of the Alabama constitution.under 16 may do more than 48 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of night work . No child of less than 12 is allowed to work more than 66 hours in any one week . An able-bodied See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent who does not work when he has the opportunity, unless " idle under strike orders, or See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock-outs," and who hires out his See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor children, is declared a vagrant and may be fined $500 and imprisoned or sentenced to hard labour for not more than six months . All amendments to the constitution must be approved by a three-fifths vote of each house of the legislature and then ratified by the people . The legislature of 1900-19o1 established a department of archives and See also:

• HISTORY

history whose aim is to preserve documents and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical records .

See also:

• EDUCATION

Education.—Public education for Mobile was authorized by the legislature of 1826, but it was not provided until 1852 . Two years later (1854) a school system for the entire state was inaugurated . Its support was derived from public land given by the United States to the state of Alabama for educational purposes in 1819, and special taxes or tuition fixed by each township . The Civil War demoralized the nascent system . An important step in its revival seemed to be made in the constitution of 1868, which forbade any private recompense for instruction in the public schools and appropriated one-fifth of the state's revenue to common schools . But the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach whites and blacks in the same schools, and the corruption in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of funds, made the results unsatisfactory . The constitution of 1875 abolished the one-fifth revenue provision, made the support of the schools, except that derived from the land See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of 1819, and poll taxes, depend upon the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)