ALAND ISLANDS  , an See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of See also:

• BOTHNIA, GULF OF

Bothnia, about 25 M. from the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden; and 15 from that of See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland . The See also:

• GROUP

group, which forms See also:

• PART

part of the Finnish See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo-See also:

• BJORNEBORG (Finnish, Pori)

Bjorneborg, consists of nearly three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred islands, of which'about eighty are inhabited, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being desolate rocks . These islands See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a continuation of a dangerous 'See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite See also:

• REEF (1)

reef extending along the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south coast of Finland . They formerly belonged to Sweden, and in the neighbourhood the first victory of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• FLEET

fleet over the Swedes was gained by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great in 1714 . They, were ceded to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia in 1809 . They occupy a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 1426 sq. km., and their See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at about 19,000 . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of these occupy the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Aland, upon which is Situated the See also:

• TOWN

town of Mariehamn with a population of 1171 . The inhabitants are mostly of See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish descent, and are See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen and fishermen., The See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the islands is generally sandy, the See also:

• SOIL

soil thin and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate keen; yet Scotch See also:

• FIR

fir, spruce and See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch are grown; and See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• FLAX

flax and vegetables ,are produced in sufficient quantity for the wants of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are reared; and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and hides, as well as salted See also:

• MEAT

meat and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, are exhorted . There are several excellent harbours (notably that of Ytternas), which were at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of great importance to Russia from the fact that they are frozen up for a much briefer See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period than those on the coast of Finland . The Aland Islands occupy a position of the greatest strategic importance, commanding as they do both the entrance to the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm and the approaches to the Gulf of Bothnia, through which the greater part of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Sweden is carried on . When, by the 4th See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of the treaty of Fredrikshavn (Friedrichshamn), 5/17 See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 18o9, the islands were ceded to Russia, together with the territories forming the See also:

• GRAND

grand-duchy of Finland on the mainland, the Swedes were unable to secure a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision that the islands should not be fortified .

The question was, however, a vital one not only for Sweden but for Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, whose trade in the Baltic was threatened . In 1854, accordingly, during the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, an Anglo-See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French force attacked and destroyed the fortress of Bomersund, against the erection of which See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston had protested without effect some twenty years previously . By the " Aland See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention," concluded between Great Britain, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Russia on the 3oth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1856, it was stipulated that " the Aland Islands shall not be fortified, and that no military or See also:

• NAVAL

naval establishments shall be maintained or created on them." By the 33rd article of the treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (1856) this convention, annexed to the final See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, was given " the same force and validity as if it formed part thereof," Palmerston declaring in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons (May 6) that it had " placed a barrier between Russia and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe." Some See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was attracted to this arrangement when in 1906 it was asserted that Russia, under pretext of stopping the See also:

• SMUGGLING

smuggling of arms into Finland, was massingconsiderable naval and military forces at the islands . The question of the Aland Islands created some discussion in 1907 and 1908 in connexion with the new North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea agreements, and undoubtedly Russia considered the convention of 1856 as rather humiliating . But it was plainly shown by other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers that they did not propose to regard it as modified or open to question, and the point was not definitely and officially raised . See the article by Dr Verner Soderberg in the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, No . 392, for See also:

• APRIL

April 1908 .