See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

ALARIC (See also:

• ALA

Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)  , See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic conqueror, the first See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader who stood as a conqueror in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, was probably See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 370 in an islandnamed Pence (the See also:

• FIR

Fir) at the mouth of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube . He was of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble descent, his See also:

• FATHER

father being a See also:

• SCION

scion of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Balthi or Bold-men, next in dignity among Gothic warriors to the Amals . He was a . Goth and belonged to the western See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of that nation —sometimes called the Visigoths—who at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth were quartered in the region now known as See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, having taken See also:

• REFUGE

refuge on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Danube from the pursuit of their enemies the See also:

• HUNS

Huns . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 394 he served as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of foederati (Gothic irregulars) under the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in which he crushed the usurper See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius . As the See also:

• BATTLE

battle which terminated this campaign, the battle of the Frigidus, was fought near the passes of the See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian See also:

• ALPS

Alps, See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric probably learnt at this time the weakness of the natural defences of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy on her See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern frontier . The employment of barbarians as foederati, which became a See also:

• COMMON

common practice with the emperors in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was both a symptom of disease in the See also:

• BODY

body politic of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and a hastener of its impending ruin . The provincial See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, crushed under a load of unjust See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, could no longer furnish soldiers in the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers required for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the empire; and on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the emperors, ever fearful that a brilliantly successful general of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman extraction might be proclaimed See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus by his followers, preferred that high military command should be in the hands of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to whom such an See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of dignity was as yet impossible . But there was obviously a danger that one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day a See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian leader of barbarian troops in the service of the empire might turn his armed force and the skill in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, which he had acquired in that service, against his trembling masters, and without caring to assume the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Augustus might ravage and ruin the countries which he had undertaken to defend . This danger became a reality when in the year 395 the able and valiant Theodosius died, leaving the empire to be divided between his See also:

• IMBECILE (through the French from Lat. imbecillus or imbecillis, weak, feeble; of unknown origin)

imbecile sons See also:

• ARCADIUS
• ARCADIUS (378–408)

Arcadius and See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius, the former taking the eastern and the latter the western portion, and each under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister who bitterly hated the minister of the other . In the shifting of offices which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at the beginning of the new reigns, Alaric apparently hoped that he would receive one of the See also:

• GREAT

great war ministries of the empire, and thus instead of being a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of irregulars would have under his. orders a large See also:

• PART

part of the imperial legions . This, however, was denied him, and he found that he was doomed to remain an officer of foederati .

His disappointed ambition prompted him to take the step for which his countrymen were longing, for they too were grumbling at the withdrawal of the " presents," in other words the veiled See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom-See also:

• MONEY

money, which for many years they had been accustomed to receive . They raised him on a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield and ac-claimed him as a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king; leader and followers both resolving (says; Jordanes the Gothic historian) " rather to seek new kingdoms by. their own labour, than to slumber in peaceful subjection to the See also:

• RULE

rule of others." Alaric struck first at the eastern empire . He marched to the neighbourhood of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, but finding himself unable to undertake the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of that superbly strong city, he retraced his steps westward and then marched southward through See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly and the unguarded pass of See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae into See also:

• GREECE

Greece . The details of his campaign are not very clearly stated, and the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is further complicated by the plots and counterplots of See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief minister of the eastern, and See also:

• STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

Stilicho, the virtual See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of the western empire, and the See also:

• MURDER

murder of the former by his rebellious soldiers . With these we have no See also:

• PRESENT

present concern; it is sufficient to say that Alaric's invasion of Greece lasted two years (395-396), that he ravaged See also:

• ATTICA

Attica but spared See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, which at once capitulated to the conqueror, that he penetrated into See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus and captured its most famous cities, See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, See also:

• ARGOS

Argos and See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, selling many of their inhabitants into See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery . Here, however, his victorious career ended . Stilicho, who had come a second time to the assistance of Arcadius and who was undoubtedly a skilful general, succeeded in shutting up the Goths in the mountains of Pholoe on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis and See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia . From thence Alaric escaped with difficulty, and not without some suspicion of connivance on the part of Stilicho . He crossed the Corinthian Gulf and marched with the See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder of Greece north-wards to See also:

• EPIRUS, or EPEIRUS

Epirus . Next came an astounding transformation . For some mysterious See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, probably connected with the increasing estrangement between the two sections of the empire, the ministers of Arcadius conferred upon AIaric the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of some part—it can hardly have been the whole—of the important prefecture of Illyricum . Here, ruling the Danubian provinces, he was on the confines of the two empires, and, in the words of the poet Claudian, he " sold his alternate oaths to either See also:

• THRONE

throne," and made the imperial arsenals prepare the weapons with which to See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm his Gothic followers for the next campaign .

It was probably in the year 400 (but the See also:

• DATES

dates of these events are rather uncertain) that Alaric made his first invasion of Italy, co-operating with another Gothic chieftain named Radagaisus . Supernatural influences were not wanting to urge him to this great enterprise . Some lines of the Roman poet inform us that he heard a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice proceeding from a sacred See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove, " Break off all delays, Alaric . This very year See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou shalt force the Alpine barrier of Italy; thou shalt penetrate to the city." The prophecy was not at this time fulfilled . After spreading desolation through North Italy and striking terror into the citizens of Rome, Alaric was met by Stilicho at See also:

• POLLENTIA (mod. Pollenzo)

Pollentia (a Roman See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality in what is now See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont), and the battle which then followed on the 6th of See also:

• APRIL

April 402 (See also:

• EASTER

Easter-day) was a victory, though a costly one for Rome, and effectually barred the further progress of the barbarians . Alaric was an Arian See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian who trusted to the sanctity of Easter for See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from attack, and the enemies of Stilicho reproached him for having gained his victory by taking an unfair See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the great Christian festival . The wife of Alaric is said to have been taken prisoner after this battle; and there is some reason to suppose that he was hampered in his movements by the presence with his forces of large numbers of See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, having given to his invasion of Italy the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• MIGRATION

migration . After another defeat before See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, Alaric quitted Italy, probably in 403 . He had not indeed " penetrated to the city," but his invasion of Italy had produced important results; it had caused the imperial See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence to be transferred from See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan to See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, it had necessitated the withdrawal of the Twentieth See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion from See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and it had probably facilitated the great invasion of See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals, Suevi and See also:

• ALANI (Gr. 'AXavoi, 'AAavvoi ; Chinese 'O-lan-na; since the 9th century A.U. they have been called As, Russ. Jasy, Georgian Ossi)

Alani into See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, by which that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain were lost to the empire . We next hear of Alaric as the friend and ally of his See also:

• LATE

late opponent Stilicho . The estrangement between the eastern and western courts had in 407 become so See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter as to threaten See also:

• CIVIL

civil war, and Stilicho was actually proposing to use the arms of Alaric in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to enforce the claims of Honorius to the prefecture of Illyricum . The See also:

• DEATH

death of Arcadius in May 408 caused milder counsels to prevail in the western See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, but Alaric, who had actually entered Epirus, demanded in a somewhat threatening manner that if he were thus suddenly bidden to desist from war, he should be paid handsomely for what in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language would be called the expenses of mobilization .

The sum which he named was a large one, 4000 pounds of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold (about £i6o,000 See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling), but under strong pressure from Stilicho the Roman See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate consented to promise its See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment . Three months later Stilicho himself and the chief ministers of his party were treacherously slain in pursuance of an order extracted from the timid and jealous Honorius; and in the disturbances which followed the wives and children of the barbarian foederati throughout Italy were slain . The natural consequence was that these men to the number of 30,000 flocked to the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of Alaric, clamouring to be led against their cowardly enemies . He accordingly crossed the Julian Alps, and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 408 stood before the walls of Rome (now with no capable general like Stilicho to defend her) and began a strict See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade . No See also:

• BLOOD

blood was See also:

• SHED

shed this time; See also:

• HUNGER

hunger was the weapon on which Alaric relied . When the ambassadors of the senate in treating for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace tried to terrify him with their hints of what the despairing citizens might accomplish, he gave with a laugh his celebrated See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, " The thicker the See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay, the easier mowed!" After much bargaining, the See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine-stricken citizens agreed to pay a ransomof more than a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a million sterling, besides See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious garments of See also:

• SILK

silk and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and three thousand pounds of See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper . Thus ended Alaric's first siege of Rome . At this time, and indeed throughout his career, the one dominant See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of Alaric was not to pull down the fabric of the empire but to secure for himself, by negotiation with its rulers, a See also:

• REGULAR

regular and recognized position within its borders . His demands were certainly large—the concession of a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of territory 200 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 15o wide• between the Danube and the Gulf of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice (to be held probably on some terms of nominal dependence on the empire), and the title of commander-in-chief of the imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Yet large as the terms were, the emperor would probably have been well advised to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant them; but Honorius was one of those timid and feeble folk who are equally unable to make war or peace, and refused to look beyond the question of his own See also:

• PERSONAL

personal safety, guaranteed as it was by the dikes and marshes of Ravenna . As all attempts to conduct a satisfactory negotiation with this emperor failed before his impenetrable stupidity, Alaric, after instituting a second siege and blockade of Rome in 409, came to terms with the senate, and with their consent set up a See also:

• RIVAL

rival emperor and invested the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the city, a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek named Attalus, with the diadem and the See also:

• PURPLE

purple robe . He, however, proved quite unfit for his high position; he rejected.the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Alaric and lost in consequence the province of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the granary of Rome, which was defended by the partisans of Honorius .

The weapon of famine, formerly in the hand of Alaric, was thus turned against him, and loud in See also:

• CON

con-sequence were the murmurs of the Roman populace . Honorius was also greatly strengthened by the arrival of six legions sent from Constantinople to his assistance by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Theodosius II . Alaric therefore cashiered his puppet emperor Attalus after eleven months of ineffectual rule, and once more tried to reopen negotiations with Honorius . These negotiations would probably have succeeded but for the malign See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of another Goth, Sarus, the hereditary enemy of Alaric and his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . When Alaric found himself once more outwitted by the machinations of such a foe, he marched southward and began in deadly See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest his third, his ever-memorable siege of Rome . No defence apparently was possible; there are hints, not well substantiated, of treachery; there is greater See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of surprise . However this may be—for our See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information at this point of the story is miserably meagre—on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 410 Alaric and his Goths burst in by the Salarian See also:

• GATE

gate on the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the city, and she who was of late the See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of the See also:

• WORLD

world See also:

• LAY

lay at the feet of the barbarians . The Goths showed themselves not absolutely ruthless conquerors . The contemporary ecclesiastics recorded with wonder many instances of their clemency: the Christian churches saved from ravage; See also:

• PROTECTION

protection granted to vast multitudes both of pagans and Christians who took refuge therein,; vessels of gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver which were found in a private dwelling, spared because they "belonged to St . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter "; at least one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in which a beautiful Roman matron appealed, not in vain, to the better feelings of the Gothic soldier who attempted her dishonour; but even these exceptional instances show that Rome was not entirely spared those scenes of horror which usually accompany the storming of a besieged city . We do not, however, hear of any damage wrought by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the case of See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, which was situated See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the gate by which the Goths had made their entrance; nor is there any reason to attribute any extensive destruction of the buildings of the city to Alaric and his followers . His See also:

• WORK

work being done, his fated task, and Alaric having penetrated to the city, nothing remained for him but to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die .

He marched southwards into See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria . He desired to invade Africa, which on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn crops was now the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of the position; but his See also:

• SHIPS

ships were dashed to pieces by a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm in which many of his soldiers perished . He died soon after, probably of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and his body was buried under the See also:

• RIVER

river-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Busento, the stream being temporarily turned aside from its course while the See also:

• GRAVE

grave was dug wherein the Gothic chief and some of his most precious spoils were interred . When,the work was finished the river was turned back into its usual channel, and the captives by whose hands the labour had been accomplished were put to death that none might learn their See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret . He was succeeded in the command of the Gothic army by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• ATAULPHUS (the Latinized form of the Gothic Ataulf, " Father-wolf," from atta, father, and vulfs, wolf; mod. Germ. Adolf, Latinized as Adolphus, the form used by Gibbon for the subject of this article)

Ataulphus . Our chief authorities for the career of Alaric are the historian See also:

• OROSIUS, PAULUS (fl. 415)

Orosius and the poet Claudian, both strictly contemporary ; See also:

• ZOSIMUS

Zosimus, a somewhat prejudiced See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen historian, who lived probably about See also:

• HALF

half a century after the death of Alaric; and Jordanes, a Goth who wrote the See also:

• HISTORY

history of his nation in the year 551, basing his work on the earlier history of See also:

• CASSIODORUS (not Cassiodorius)

Cassiodorus (now lost), which was written about 520 . (T .