ALASKA  , formerly called See also:

• RUSSIAN

RUSSIAN See also:

• AMERICA

AMERICA, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of America, occupying the extreme See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• PART

part of North America and the adjacent islands . The name is a corruption of a native word possibly meaning " See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main-See also:

• LAND

land " or " See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula." The district of Alaska comprises, first, all that part of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent W. of the 141st See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of W. See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude from See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich; secondly, the eastern Diomede See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Strait, and all islands in Bering See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea and the Aleutian See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain lying E. of a See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the See also:

• DIOMEDES

Diomedes to pass midway between See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper Island, off See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka, and Attu Island of the Aleutians; thirdly, a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and adjacent islands N. of a line drawn from Cape Muzon, in See also:

• LAT

lat . 540 40' N., E. and N. up See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal to its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and thence, as defined in the treaty of cession to the United States, quoting a boundary treaty of 1825 between See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, following " the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast " to the141st meridian, provided that when such line runs more than ten marine leagues from the ocean the limit " shall be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast and which shall never exceed the distance of ten marine leagues therefrom." The See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international disputes connected with this description are referred to below . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Alaska is bounded on the N. by the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Ocean, on the W. by the Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait, on the S. and S.W. by the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean, and on the E. by See also:

• YUKON

Yukon Territory and See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia . It consists of a compact central See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass and two straggling appendages See also:

• RUNNING

running from its S.W. and S.E. corners, and sweeping in a vast arc over 16 degrees of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude and 58 degrees of longitude . These three parts will be referred to hereafter respectively, as See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental Alaska, Aleutian Alaska and the " Panhandle." The range of latitude from Point See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow in the Arctic Ocean to Cape Muzon is almost 19 degrees—as great as from New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans to See also:

• DULUTH

Duluth; the range of longitude from Attu Island to the head of Portland Canal is 58 degrees—considerably greater than from New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York to See also:

• SAN

San Francisco . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is about 586,400 sq. m . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general ocean-coast line is about 4950 m., and, including the islands, bays, inlets and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers to the head of See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide See also:

• WATER

water, is about 26,000 m. in length (U.S . Coast Survey 1889) . The entire See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern coast is very irregular in outline; it is precipitous, with only very slight stretches of See also:

• BEACH

beach or See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . Its See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation gradually decreases as one travels W. toward the Aleutians . A great submarine See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform extends throughout a large part of Bering Sea .

The western and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern coasts are See also:

• REGULAR

regular in outline with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long straight beaches; and shallows are See also:

• COMMON

common in the seas that See also:

• WASH, THE

wash them . On the Arctic there is a broad coastal plain . Of the islands of Alaska the more important are: at the S.E. extremity and lying See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close inland, the See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, whose See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands from N.W. to S.E. are Chicagof, Baranof, See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty, Kupreanof, Kuiu, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (the largest of the archipelago and of all the islands about Alaska, measuring about 140 M. in length and 40 M. in width), Etolin and See also:

• REVILLAGIGEDO

Revillagigedo; S.W. of the mainland, two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups--(x) Kodiak, whose largest island, of the same name, is 40 M. by See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m., and may be considered a continuation of the Kenai Peninsula, and whose W. continuation, S. of Alaska Peninsula, consists of the Semidi, Shumagin and Sannak clusters; (2) the Aleutian Islands (q.v.) sweeping 1200 M . W.S.W. from the end of Alaska Peninsula, W. of the mainland, in Bering Sea, the Pribilof Islands, about 500 M . S. of Cape Prince of Wales, the small See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall and St See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Islands, about 170 m . S.W. of the same cape, St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence Island (too m. and 10 to 30 M. wide), which is about See also:

• HALF

half way between the last mentioned pair of islets and Cape Prince of Wales and Nunivak Island, near the mainland and due E. of St Matthew; and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of Bering Strait the Diomede Islands, which belong in part to Russia . Very little was known about Alaska previous to 1896, when the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold discoveries in the See also:

• KLONDIKE

Klondike stimulated public See also:

• INTEREST

interest regarding it . Since 1895, however, the explorations of the United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey and the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, and other departments of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, have fully established the main features of its physiography . It has mountains, plateaus and lowlands on a See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . " In a broad way, the larger features of See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography correspond with those of the western states . There is a Pacific See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain See also:

• SYSTEM

system, a Central See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

Plateau region, a Rocky Mountain system, and a Great Plains region . These four divisions are well marked, and show the close geographic relation of this area to the southern part of the continent." The orographic features of the Pacific Mountain system trend parallel to the coast-line of the Gulf of Alaska, changing with this at the great See also:

• BEND

bend beyond the N., and of the Panhandle from S.E. and N.W. to N.E. and S.W. and running through the Alaska Peninsula .

The Pacific Mountain system includes four ranges . The Coast . Range of the Panhandle attains a width of too m., but has no well-defined See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest line . The range is characterized by the uniformity of summit levels between s000 and 6000 ft . Continuing the Coast Range, with which it is closely associated—the See also:

• CHILKAT

Chilkat See also:

• RIVER

river lies between them—is the St See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias Range (a See also:

• TERM

term now used to include not only the mountains between See also:

• CROSS

Cross See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and Mt . St Elias, but the Chugach, Kenai, Skolai and Nutzotin mountains); among its peaks are: Mt . Crillon (15,900 ft.), Mt . Fairweather (15,290 ft.), Mt . See also:

• VANCOUVER
• VANCOUVER, GEORGE (c. 1758-1798)

Vancouver (r5,666 ft.), Mt . Wrangell (17,500 ft., an active See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano) in the Nutzotin Mountains, Mt . St Elias (18,024 ft.) and, in See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian territory, Mt . See also:

• LOGAN
• LOGAN, JOHN (1748-1788)
• LOGAN, JOHN (c. 1725-1780)
• LOGAN, JOHN ALEXANDER (1826-1886)
• LOGAN, SIR WILLIAM EDMOND (1798-1875)

Logan (19,539 ft.) .

The Aleutian Range, of whose crest the Aleutian Islands are remnants, fills out the system near the coast . The Alaskan Range, connecting with the Nutzotin and Skolai branches of the St Elias Range, lies a little farther inland; it is splendidly marked by many snowy peaks, including Mt . See also:

• FORAKER, JOSEPH BENSON (1846- )

Foraker (17,000 ft.) and Mt . See also:

• MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (1843—1901)

McKinley . The latter, which on the W. rises abruptly out of a marshy See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, offers the obstacles of magnificent, inaccessible See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite cliffs and large glaciers to the mountaineer; it is the loftiest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in North America (ca . 20,300 ft.) . In the Alaskan Range and the Aleutian Range there are more than a dozen live volcanoes, several of them remarkable; the latter range is composed largely of volcanic material . Evidences of very See also:

• RECENT

recent volcanic activity are abundant about See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook Inlet . The Rocky Mountain system extends from See also:

• CANADA

Canada (the Yukon territory) into N.E . Alaska, which it crosses near the Arctic coast in a broad See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt composed of several ranges about 6000 ft. in See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . There is no well-defined crest line; the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the system is roughly parallel to the Pacific Mountain system, but runs more nearly E. and W. in Alaska . Between the Pacific Mountain and the Rocky Mountain systems lies the vast Central Plateau region, or Yukon plateau, Finally, between the Rocky Mountains and the Arctic Ocean is the Arctic Slope region, a sloping plain corresponding to the interior plains of the United States .

First Physiographic Region.—The Panhandle is remarkably picturesque . The See also:

• MAZE

maze of islands, hundreds in number, of the Alexander Archipelago (area about 13,000 sq. m.) are remnants of a submerged mountain system; the islands rise 3000 to 5000 ft. above the sea, with luxuriantly wooded tops and bald, sheer sides scarred with marks of glacial See also:

• ACTION

action; the beachless coast is only a narrow ledge between the mountains and the sea, and unlike the coast of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, to which in outline it is not dissimilar, is bold, steep and craggy . Through the inner channels, sheltered from the Pacific by the island rampart, runs the " inland passage," the tourist route northward from See also:

• SEATTLE

Seattle, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . The inter-insular straits are carried up into the See also:

• SHORE

shore as fjords heading in rivers and glaciers . Thus the Stikine river continues See also:

• SUMNER, CHARLES (1811--1874)
• SUMNER, CHARLES RICHARD (1790-1874)
• SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (1797-1863)
• SUMNER, JOHN BIRD (1780-1862)
• SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM (1840-1910)

Sumner Strait and the Taku continues Cross Sound . The Stikine, Taku and Alsek rivers all cross the mountains in deep-cut canyons . Everywhere the evidences of glacial action abound . Most remarkable are the inlets known as Portland Canal and See also:

• LYNN

Lynn Canal (continuing See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham Strait) . The first is very deep, with precipitous shores and bordering mountains 5000 to 6000 ft. high; the second is a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord Too m. long and on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average 6 m. wide, with magnificent Alpine scenery . It is subject in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter to storms of extraordinary violence, but is never closed by See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice . Both Portland Canal and Lynn Canal are of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance, as the question of the true location of the first and the commercial importance to Canada or to the United States of the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the second, were the See also:

• CRUCIAL (from Lat. crux, a cross)

crucial contentions in the disputes over the Alaska-Canadian boundary . At the head of Lynn Canal, the only See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the whole extent of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern Alaskan coast where a clear-cut water-parting is exhibited between the sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board and interior drainage, the summits of the highest peaks in the Coast Range are 8000 to 9000 ft. above the sea .

See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Pass (2888 ft.) and Chilkoot Pass (3500 ft.), at the head of the Lynn Canal, are the gateway to the See also:

• MINING

mining country of the Klondike and Upper Yukon . They are the highest points that one meets in travelling from See also:

• SKAGWAY (a native name said to mean " home of the north wind ")

Skagway along the course of the Yukon to Bering Sea . See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior to the opening (in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1900) of the railway between Skagway and White See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse, Canada (rro m.), by way of the White Pass, all transportation to the interior was effected by men and See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-animals (and for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by a system of telpherage) over these passes and the Chilkat or See also:

• DALTON
• DALTON, JOHN (1766-1844)

Dalton trail; the buildingof the railway reduced See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage rates to less than a tenth of their former value, and the Chilkat and Chilkoot Passes were no longer used . The coast region above the Panhandle shows on a smaller and diminishing scale the same characteristic features, gradually running into those of the Aleutians . Out of the Alaska and Nutzotin mountains two great rivers flow southward: the Copper, practically unnavigable except for small boats, because of its turbulence and the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of glaciers into its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters; and the Susitna, also practically unnavigable . Both of these rivers have their See also:

• SOURCES

sources in lofty mountain masses, and are See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and powerful streams carrying with them much silt; their passes over the water-parting N. of the Kenai Peninsula are through See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges from 4000 to 10,000 ft. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth . The Copper, the Susitna and its tributary, the Yentna, as well as the Skwentna, a tributary of the Yentna from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, all run through picturesque canyons, and their upper courses are characterized by glacial and torrential feeders . Their valleys are well timbered . The glaciers of the Panhandle and throughout the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Pacific region are most remarkable—extraordinary alike for their number and their See also:

• SIZE

size . They See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie mainly between 56° and 61° N. lat., in a belt T000 m. long, of which the central part, some 350 or 500 M. long and 8o m. to too m. wide, has been described as one great confluent neve See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Thousands of Alpine glaciers from one to fifteen See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles long fill the upper valleys and canyons of the mountains . More than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred almost reach the sea, from which they are separated by detrital See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland or terminal moraines .

Other glaciers are of the See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont type . Greatest of these and of Alaskan glaciers is the Malaspina, a vast elevated plateau of wasting ice, 1500 sq. m. in area (nearly a tenth the area of all See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland), touching the sea at only one point, though fronting it for 50 M. behind a fringing See also:

• FORELAND, NORTH

foreland of glacial debris . It is fed by Alpine glaciers, among them one of the grandest in Alaska, the See also:

• SEWARD, ANNA (1747-1809)
• SEWARD, WILLIAM HENRY (180r-1872)

Seward, which descends from Mt . Logan . It is more than 50 M. long, and more than 3 M. broad at its narrowest point, and several times in its course flows over cascades, falling hundreds of feet . Of tide-water glaciers the most remarkable is probably the See also:

• MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882)
• MUIR, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1905)

Muir . It has an area of 350 sq. m.; the main See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, which is 30 to 40 M. broad, is fed by 26 tributaries, 20 of which are each greater than the Mer de Glace, and pushes its bergs into the sea from ice cliffs almost 2 M. wide, See also:

• STANDING

standing too to 200 ft. above the water, and extending probably 700 to r000 ft. beneath its See also:

• SURFACE

surface . It has been calculated that the average daily discharge of the Muir in summer is 30,000,000 cubic ft . Its course, which is only about 13 m., has a slope of too ft. per mile, and the main current moves 7 ft. daily . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Muir was greatly altered by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake in '899 . There are some 30 tide-water glaciers—a considerable number of them very noteworthy . The Valdez is 30 M. long and 5000 ft. in altitude .

Most of the Alaskan glaciers are re-ceding, but not all of them; and at times there is a general advance . The Muir receded 1•6 m. from 1879-1890, the See also:

• CHILDS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1829–1894)

Childs about 600 yards in 17 years; others over 4, 7 or 10 M. in 20 years . The Aleutian Islands (q.v.), like the Alexander Archipelago, are remnants of a submerged mountain system . Their only remarkable features are the volcanoes on the easterly islands, already mentioned . Continental Alaska.—Continental Alaska in the interior is essentially a vast plateau . " The traveller between the main drainage areas of the interior is struck by the See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform elevation of the interfluminal areas . Rounded hills, level meads and persistent See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped ridges, composed of rocks of varying structure, rise to about the same level and give the impression that they are the remnants of a former continuous surface . Occasional limited areas of rugged mountains rise above this level, and innumerable stream valleys have been incised below it; but from the northern See also:

• BASE

base of the St Elias and Alaskan ranges to the southern foothills of the Rocky Mountain system, and throughout their length, the remnants of this See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient level are to be seen . In height it varies from about 5000 ft. close to the bases of the mountain systems to less than 3000 ft. in the-vicinity of the main lines of drainage, and slopes gradually towards the north." The Seward Peninsula is particularly rugged . This great plateau drains westward through broad, gently flowing streams, the See also:

• NET

net-See also:

• WORK

work of whose tributary waters penetrates every corner of the interior and offers easy means of communication . Both the main streams and the smaller tributaries often flow through deep canyons . The Yukon is one of the great drainage systems of the See also:

• WORLD

world .

The Yukon itself has a length of more than 2000 M. and bisects the country from E. to W . Behind the bluffs that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in large part its immediate border its See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin is a See also:

• ROLLING

rolling country, at times sinking into great dead levels like the Yukon flats between Circle See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City and the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Ramparts, some 30,000 sq. m. in area . Of the two great affluents of the Yukon, the Tanana is for the most part unnavigable, while the Koyukuk is navigable for more than 450 m. by river steamers, and for more than 500 M. above is mouth shows no appreciable diminution in See also:

• VOLUME

volume . A See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water-parting divides the Yukon valley from the Kuskokwim, the second river of Alaska in size, navigable by steamers for 600 m . Torrential near its source, it is already a broad, sluggish stream at its confluence with the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Kuskokwim . The tides rise 50 ft. near its mouth and the tide-head is roo m. above the mouth . Rocky Mountains.—The Rocky Mountain system in Alaska is higher and more complex than in Canada . About roo m. wide at the international boundary, where the peaks of the British Mountains on the N. and of the See also:

• DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831–1902)
• DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857–1909)
• DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848– )
• DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898)
• DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885)

Davidson Mountains on the S. are 7000 to 8000 ft. high, the system runs W.S.W. as the Endicott Mountains, two contiguous ranges of about 5000 to 6000 ft., and as these ranges See also:

• SEPARATE

separate, the northern becomes the De Long, the southern the See also:

• BAIRD, HENRY MARTYN (1832—1906)
• BAIRD, JAMES (1802—1876)
• BAIRD, SIR DAVID (1757—1829)
• BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON (1823--1887)

Baird Mountains, whose elevation rapidly decreases toward the coast-line . The system is sharply defined on the north and less so on the south . Arctic Slope Region.—The Arctic Slope region is divided into the Anuktuvuk Plateau about 8o m. wide, with a maximum altitude to the S. of 2500 ft., and between the plateau and the Arctic Ocean the Coastal Plain . Very little is known of either part of the region . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—From the foregoing description of the country it is evident that the range of climate must be considerable .

That of the coast and that of the Yukon plateau are quite distinct . The Panhandle, along with the lisiere (foreland), westward to Cook Inlet might be called temperate Alaska, its climate being similar to that of the N.W. coast of the United States; while to the westward and northward the winters become longer and more severe . The cause of the mild climate of the Panhandle, formerly supposed to be the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese current, or Kuro Shiwo, is now held to be-the general eastward See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of the waters of the North Pacific in the direction of the prevalent winds . To the warmth and moisture brought by this means the coastal region owes its high equable temperature, its heavy rainfall (8o-110 in.) and its superb vegetation . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is from 54° to 6o° F . Winter sets in about the sst of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow is gone See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the mountains by the 1st of May . The thermometer rarely registers below zero F. or above 75° F.; the difference between the midwinter and midsummer averages is seldom more than 250 . The summer is relatively dry, the autumn and winter wet . The vapour-laden sea See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air blowing landward against the See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of snow and glaciers on the mountain barriers a few miles inland drains its moisture in excessive See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and snow upon the lisiere, shrouding it in well-nigh unbroken See also:

• FOG

fog and See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud-See also:

• BANK

bank . Only some 6o to roo days in the See also:

• YEAR

year are clear . In passing from the Sitkan district westward toward Kodiak and the Aleutians (q.v.) the climate becomes even more equable, the temperature a little lower and the rainfall somewhat less;1 the fogs at first less dense, especially near Cook Inlet, where the climate is extremely See also:

• LOCAL

local, but more and more persistent along the Aleutians . The clear days of a year at Unalaska can be counted on the fingers; five days in seven it actually rains or snows .

Bering Sea is covered with almost eternal fog . Along 1 At Kodiak, the monthly means range from 28° to 55° with a total range from -to° to 82° F., as against -3° to 87° F. at See also:

• SITKA (formerly New Archangel)

Sitka; the average temperature is 4o•6° F., rainfall 59 in.the coast N. of Alaska Peninsula the rainfall diminishes to so in. or less within the Arctic circle; the summer temperature is quite endurable but the winters are exceedingly rigorous ? East of the mountains in south-eastern Alaska the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere is dry and bracing, the temperature ranging from -14° to 92° F . In the farther interior, in the valleys of the Yukon, the Tanana, the Copper and the Sushitna the summers are much the same in character, the winters much more severe . On the Yukon at the international boundary the mean of the warmest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month is higher than that of the warmest month at Sitka, 500 M. southward . At some points in the Upper Yukon valley the range of extreme temperatures is as great as from -75° to 9o° F.3 The mean See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of summer in the upper valley is about 6o° to 7o° F., and at some points in the middle and lower valley even higher.' By the middle of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September snow flurries have announced the imminence of winter, the smaller streams congeal, the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth freezes, the miner perforce abandons his diggings, and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation ceases even on the Yukon in See also:

• OCTOBER

October . All winter snows fall heavily . The air is dry and quiet, and the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold relatively uniform . In midwinter in the upper valley the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun rises only a few degrees above the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon for from four to six See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, though very often quite obscured . In December, See also:

• JANUARY

January, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March the thermometer often registers lower than -5o°° . F., and the mean temperature is -2o° . In May the rivers open, the cleared land thaws out, and by See also:

• JUNE

June the miner is again at work .

Summer is quickly in full ascendancy . In May and June the sun shines from eighteen to twenty hours and diffused See also:

• TWILIGHT

twilight fills the rest of the day . The rainfall is See also:

• LIGHT

light, from to to 25 in. according to the year or the locality . Dull See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is unknown . All nature responds in See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and rapid growth to the garish light and intense heat of the long, splendid days . But the Alaska summer is the uncertain See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season; at times the nights are cold into See also:

• JULY

July, at times snow falls and there are frosts in See also:

• MID

mid-August; sometimes rain is heavy, or again there is a veritable drought . In the great river valleys S. of the Yukon basin See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions are much less uniform . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The fauna of Alaska is very rich and surprisingly varied . The lists of See also:

• INSECTS

insects, birds and mammals are especially noteworthy ? Of these three classes, and of other than purely zoological interest, are mosquitoes, which swarm in summer in the interior in vast See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers; sea See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, which are remarkably abundant near the Aleutians; See also:

• MOOSE

moose, and especially caribou, which in the past were very numerous in the interior and of extreme economic importance to the natives . The destruction of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild caribou has threatened to expose the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians to wholesale See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, hence the effort which the United States government has made to stock the country with domestic See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer from See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . This effort made under the direction of the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• EDUCATION

Education has been eminently successful, and in the future the reindeer seems certain to contribute very greatly to the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, clothing, means of shelter and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of the natives; and not less to the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problems of communication and transportation throughout the interior .

It is, however, the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing animals of its rivers and surrounding seas that are economically most distinctive of and important to Alaska . The fishing grounds extend along the coast from the extreme south-east past the Aleutians into See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol See also:

• BAY

Bay . See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

Herring are abundant, and See also:

• COD

cod especially so . There are probably more than roo,000 sq. m. of cod-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks from 22 to go 2 At St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael the mean annual temperature is about 26°, the monthly means run from about -2° to 54°, and the extreme recorded temperatures from about -55° to 77° F.; at See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence the annual mean is 22°, monthly means -7° to 51° F.; extreme range of temperature, -38° to 770 F.; at Point Barrow the annual mean is 7.7° F., monthly means -18.6° to 38.1 °F., extreme range of temperature -55° to 65° F . 3 The mean annual temperature on the Yukon at the international line is about 21° F., the monthly means run from -17° to 6o° F:, the range of extreme temperatures from -8o° to 9o° F . 4 At Fort Yukon five years' records showed mean seasonal temperatures of 14°, 600, 17°, and -23.8° F. for See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively; at See also:

• HOLY

Holy Cross See also:

• MISSION

Mission 20°, 59°, 36° and 0.95°, at Nulato 290, 6o°, 36° and -14° . !The See also:

• HARRIMAN
• HARRIMAN, EDWARD HENRY (1848—1909)

Harriman expedition collected in two months loon See also:

• SPECIES

species of insects, of which 344 species (and 6 genera) were new to See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . fathoms deep in Bering Sea and E. of the Alaska Peninsula . See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon are to be found in almost incredible numbers . Of marine mammals, whales are hunted far to the N. in Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean, but are much less common than formerly, as are also the See also:

• WALRUS, or MORSE (Odobaenus rosmarus)

walrus, the sea See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter and the fur See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal . All these are disappearing before commercial greed . The walrus is now found mainly far N.; the sea otter, once fairly common throughout the Aleutian district, is now rarely found even on the remoter islands; the fur seal, whose See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat is the Pribilof Islands in Bering Sea, has been considerably reduced in numbers by pelagic See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting .

There are half-a-dozen species of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair See also:

• SEALS

seals and sea-lions . The number of fur-bearing land animals is equally large . Sables, See also:

• ERMINE

ermine, wolverines, minks, land otters, beavers and See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-rats have always been important items in the fur See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . There are See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, grizzly and polar bears, and also two exclusively Alaskan species, the Kodiak and the See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear . The See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf is common; it is the basal stock of the Alaskan sledge-See also:

• DOG

dog . The red See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox is widely distributed, and the white or Arctic fox is very common along the eastern coast of Bering Sea; a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue fox, once wild, is now domesticated on Kodiak and the Aleutians, and on the southern continental coast, and a black fox, very rare, occurs in south-eastern Alaska; the See also:

• SILVER

silver fox is very rare . The Alaskan flora is less varied than the fauna . The forests of the coastal region eastward from Cook Inlet, and particularly in south-eastern Alaska, are of See also:

• FAIR

fair variety, and of great richness and value . The.. See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam See also:

• FIR

fir and in the south the red See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar occur in scant quantities; more widely distributed, but growing only under marked local conditions, is the yellow or Alaska cedar, a very hard and durable See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and pleasant odour . The See also:

• OREGON

Oregon See also:

• ALDER

alder is fairly common . Far the most abundant are coast and Alpine hemlocks and the tide-land or Sitka spruce . The last is not confined to this part of Alaska, but is the characteristic and universal See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree .

It is of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary economic importance to the natives, who use it for the most various purposes . On the islands of the Alexander Archipelago and on Prince See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Sound it grows to gigantic size; even on the Koyukuk and the middle Yukon it attains in places a See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of 2 ft . In 1902 a See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation comprising the largest part of the Alexander Archipelago was created by the United States government . The separation of the coast and interior floras is almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; only along the mountain passes and river valleys, and rarely there, is there an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of species . See also:

• TIMBER

Timber, how-ever, is fairly abundant along the entire course of the Yukon above Anvik (about 400 M. from the mouth), along the great tributaries of the Yukon, and, so far as explorations have revealed, along every stream in central Alaska; and the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of the interior consist almost entirely of spruce . On the Yukon flats it grows in a vast forest impenetrably dense.' The timber line, which in the Panhandle and along the southern coast of the continental mass runs from 1800 to 2400 ft., frequently rises in the interior plateau even to 4000 ft . Next in importance after spruce, in the interior, is