See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

DUKES OF See also:

• ALBANY
• DUKES OF ALBANY
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

ALBANY  . The territorial designation of See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany was formerly given to those parts of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the firths of See also:

• CLYDE (Welsh, Clwyd, " far heard," " strong," the Glotta of Tacitus)
• CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792-1863)

Clyde and Forth . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Albany was first bestowed in 1398 by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert III. on his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Robert See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife (see I. below); but in 1425 it became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The dukedom was re-created, c . 1458, in favour of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Stewart, " See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of Annandale and earl of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March " (see II. below), whose son and successor (see III. below) See also:

• LEFT

left no legitimate See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . The title of duke of Albany was next bestowed upon See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, commonly known as Lord See also:

• DARNLEY, HENRY STEWART

Darnley, by See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Scots, in 1565 . From him the title passed to his son, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James VI. of Scotland and I. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The title was by him given, at his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, his second son, after-wards King Charles I . By Charles II. it was again bestowed, in '66o, on James, duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, afterwards King James II . On the 5th of See also:

• JULY

July 1716 Ernest See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Osnaburgh [Osnabriick] (1715-1728), youngest brother of King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I., was created duke of York and Albany, the title becoming extinct on his See also:

• DEATH

death without heirs in 1728 . On the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April 176o See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Augustus, younger brother of King George III., was created duke of York and Albany; he died without heirs on the 17th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1767 . On the 29th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1784 the title of duke of York and Albany was again created in favour of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, second son of George III., who died without heirs on the 5th of See also:

• JANUARY

January x827 .

The title of duke of Albany was bestowed on the 24th of May 1881 on Prince See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold, youngest son of Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria (see IV. below) . I . ROBERT STEWART, duke of Albany (c . 1345-1420), See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of Scotland, was a son of King Robert II. by his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• MURE, SIR WILLIAM (1594–1657)
• MURE, WILLIAM (1799–1860)

Mure, and was legitimatized when his parents were married about 1349 . In 1361 he married See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, countess of See also:

• MENTEITH, or MONTEITII

Menteith, and after his widowed See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel, countess of Fife, had recognized him as her heir, he was known as the earl of Fife and Menteith . Taking an active See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, the earl was made high See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain of Scotland in 1382, and gained military reputation by leading several plundering expeditions into England . In 1389 after his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brother See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, earl of Carrick, had been incapacitated by an See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, and when his See also:

• FATHER

father the king was old and infirm, he was chosen See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Scotland by the estates; and he retained the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of affairs after his brother.John became king as Robert III, in 1390 . In April 1398 he was created duke of Albany; l See, Th . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in Bulletin dell' Istituto (1861), 206; Corpus Inscrip . See also:

• LAT

Lat . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1887), xiv . 2228 .

but in the following See also:

• YEAR

year his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, duke of See also:

• ROTHESAY

Rothesay, the heir to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, succeeded him as governor, although the duke himself was a prominent member of the advising See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . See also:

• UNCLE

Uncle and nephew soon differed, and in March 1402 the latter died in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at See also:

• FALKLAND
• FALKLAND, LUCIUS CARY

Falkland . It is not certain that Albany was responsible for the imprisonment and death of Rothesay, whom the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament declared to have died from natural causes; but the scanty See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence points in the direction of his See also:

• GUILT

guilt . Restored to the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of governor, the duke was chosen regent of the kingdom after the death of Robert III. in 1406, as the new king, James I., was a prisoner in See also:

• LONDON

London; and he took vigorous steps to prosecute the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with England, which had been renewed a few years before . He was unable, or as some say unwilling, to effect the See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release of his royal nephew, and was soon faced by a formidable revolt led by Donald See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald, second lord of the Isles, who claimed the earldom of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross and was in See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Henry IV. of England; but the defeat of Donald at Harlaw near See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen in July 1411 freed him from this danger . Continuing alternately to fight and to negotiate with England, the duke died at See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle in September 1420, and was buried in See also:

• DUNFERMLINE (Gaelic, " the fort on the crooked linn ")
• DUNFERMLINE, ALEXANDER SETON, 1ST EARL OF
• DUNFERMLINE, JAMES ABERCROMBY, 1ST BARON (1776-'858)

Dunfermline See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . Albany, who was the ablest prince of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, left by his first wife one son, Murdac (or Murdoch) Stewart, who succeeded him as duke of Albany and regent, but at whose See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution in 1425 the dukedom became extinct . See See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew of See also:

• WYNTOUN, ANDREW OF (?1350-?142o)

Wyntoun, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, edited by D . See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1872–1879); John of See also:

• FORDUN, JOHN OF (d. c. 1384)

Fordun, Scotichronicon, continued by See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• BOWER, WALTER (1385-1449)

Bower, edited by T . See also:

• HEARNE, SAMUEL (1745–1792)
• HEARNE, THOMAS (1678-1735)

Hearne (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1722) ; and P . F . See also:

• TYTLER, WILLIAM (1711-1792)

Tytler, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Scotland (Edinburgh, 185o) .

See also See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott's See also:

• FAIR

Fair Maid of See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth . IL' ALEXANDER STEWART, duke of Albany (c . 1454–1485), was the second son of James II., king of Scotland, by his wife, Mary, daughter of See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, duke of See also:

• GELDERLAND (Guelders)
• GELDERLAND, GELDERS

Gelderland . Created duke of Albany before 1458, he also received the lordship of the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, and was afterwards captured by an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• SHIP

ship when journeying to Gelderland in 1468 . He was soon released, and as he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew to manhood began to take part in the government and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Scotland, being appointed in See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession high See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, See also:

• WARDEN

warden of the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches, governor of See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick and See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the kingdom . Soon, however, he quarrelled with his brother, King James III . Some of his actions on the marches aroused suspicion, and in 1479 he was seized and imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle; but he soon made his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, and reaching See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in September 1499 was welcomed by King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI . Louis, however, would not assist him to attack his brother the king, and See also:

• CROSSING

crossing to England he made a treaty with King Edward IV. at See also:

• FOTHERINGHAY

Fotheringhay in See also:

• JUNE

June 1482 . Like Edward See also:

• BALIOL
• BALIOL, JOHN DE (1249–1315)

Baliol, he promised to hold Scotland under English See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty in return for Edward's assistance, and with See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard, duke of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, afterwards King Richard III., he marched at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the English forces to Edinburgh . Meanwhile his sup-porters in Scotland had seized James, and professed their readiness to recognize Albany, declaring at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time their distrust of Gloucester . A See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, however, was arranged, and the restoration of his lands and offices was promised to Albany, who in turn agreed to be faithful to James; but about the same time the duke with remarkable duplicity had sworn he would keep the treaty with Edward .

Again he was appointed lieutenant of the kingdom, a truce was made with the English, and James, released from custody, restored his brother and created him earl of See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar and Garioch . The fraternal See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was soon disturbed . Failing to obtain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the king's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, Albany renewed negotiations with Edward, and in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1483 made a new treaty at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster on the lines of that of Fotheringhay . A fresh reconciliation followed between the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, but in July 1483, during Albany's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence in England; he was sentenced to death for See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . After making a See also:

• RAID

raid on Lochmaben he went to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where in 1485 he was accidentally killed . Albany's first wife was See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, daughter of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, third earl of See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney and first earl of See also:

• CAITHNESS

Caithness, who See also:

• BORE

bore 'him three sons and a daughter . This See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was dissolved in 1478, and as its issue was regarded as illegitimate the title of duke of Albany descended to John (see below), his only son byhis second wife; See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne de la Tour d'See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne, daughter of See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand II., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Auvergne and of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon, whom he married in 1480 . The regent Albany was a singularly unfortunate See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, but a successful ruler and See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, and the Scottish See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of session owed to him its institution . But he regarded himself more the subject of the king of France than of the king of Scotland, subordinated the interests of the latter See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state to the former, and disliked his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties in Scotland, where the benefits of his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration were largely diminished by his want of perseverance and frequent absence . He appears to have been a man of See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable and straightforward conduct, whose See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character must be deared from the aspersions of See also:

• WOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1475–1530)

Wolsey and the English authorities . He married his 'See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Anne de la Tour d'Auvergne, but left no legal issue, and all his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour became extinct at his death . IV .

LEOP&LD GEmROE See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

DUNCAN See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

ALBERT, duke of ` Albxty, eighth See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child and youngest son of Queen Victoria, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on 'the 7th of April 1853 . The delicacy of his See also:

• HEALTH

health seemed to matk him out for a See also:

• LIFE

life of retirement, and as he grew older he evinced much of the love of knowledge, the capacity for study and the See also:

• INTEREST

interest in philanthropic and ecclesiastical movements which had characterized his father, the prince See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort . He matriculated at See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, Oxford, in November 1872,` living See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor at Wykeham House,, St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles's, and diligently pursued his favourite studies of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• ART

art and the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . In 1876 he left the university with the honorary degree of D.C.L., and resided at Boyton House, See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire, and afterwards at See also:

• CLAREMONT

Claremont . On coming of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in 18741 he had been made a privy councillor and granted an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of f ts,000 . He travelled on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, and in 188o visited the See also:

• UNITED

United States and See also:

• CANADA

Canada . He was a trustee of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, abencher' of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's See also:

• INN

Inn, and continued to take an active part in the promotion of See also:

• EDUCATION

education and knowledge generally . Like his father and other members of his See also:

• FAMILY

family he was an excellent public See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker . On the 24th of May 1881 he was created duke of Albany, earl of See also:

• CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• ARKLOW

Arklow . On the 27th of April 1882 he married Helene Frederica See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta, princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont, and his income was raised by parliament to ,£25,000 . Having gone to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France for his health in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1884, he was attacked by a See also:

• FIT

fit, the cause or the consequence of a fall in a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club-house at See also:

• CANNES

Cannes, on the 27th of March, and died very unexpectedly on the fallowing See also:

• MORNING

morning . His death was universally regretted, from the gentleness and graciousness of his character, and the See also:

• DESIRE

desire and ability he had shown to promote intellectual interests of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind .

He left a daughter, born in February 1883, and a See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous son, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur Charles Edward, born on the ,9th of July 1884, who succeeded to the dukedom of Albany, and who on the 3oth of July two became duke of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• COBURG

Coburg on the death of his uncle .