See also:

• ALBA

ALBA FUCENS (mod. Albe)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• TOWN

town occupying a lofty situation (3347 ft.) at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• MONTE

Monte Velino, 4 M . N. of See also:

• AVEZZANO

Avezzano . It was originally a town of the See also:

• AEQUI

Aequi, though on the frontier of the See also:

• MARSI

Marsi, but was occupied by a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony (304 a.c)owing to its strategic importance . It See also:

• LAY

lay on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill . just to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the Via See also:

• VALERIA, VIA

Valeria, which was probably prolonged beyond See also:

• TIBUR (mod. Tivoli, q.v.)

Tibur at this very See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, In the Second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• ALBA

Alba at first remained faithful, but after-, wards refused to send contingents and was punished . After this it became a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of detention for important See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state. prisoners, such asSyphax of See also:

• NUMIDIA

Numidia, See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia, Bituitus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• ARVERNI

Arverni . It was attacked by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies in the Social War, but remained faithful to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and its strong position rendered it a place of some importance in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars . Its prosperity, in the imperial period, can only be inferred from the number of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions found there . It is chiefly remarkable for its finely preserved fortifications . The See also:

• EXTERNAL

external walls, which have a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of about 2 m. are constructed of polygonal See also:

• MASONRY

masonry; the blocks are carefully jointed, and the faces smoothed . With our See also:

• PRESENT

present knowledge of such constructions, their date cannot certainly be determined . They are not pre-served to any very considerable height; but the arrangement of the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates is clearly traceable; as a See also:

• RULE

rule they' come at the, end of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, straight stretch of See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, and are placed so as to leave the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of any attacking force exposed . On the north there is, for a length of about 150 yds. a triple See also:

• LINE

line of defences of later date (possibly added by the Roman colonists:), inasmuch as both the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city wall proper and the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double wall throw) out in front of it are partly constructed of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, and faced with finer polygonal masonry (in which See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• JOINTS

joints ,seem to be purposely aided) .

A mile to the north of the city a huge See also:

• MOUND

mound with a ditch on each side of it (but at a considerable distance from it) may be traced for a couple of See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . Within the walls there are hardly any )iuildings of a later date . Excavations have only been made casually, though remains of buildings and of' roads can be traced, and also an extensive See also:

• SYSTEM

system of underground passages perhaps connected with the defences of the See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace . The hill: at the western extremity was occupied by atemple of the Tuspan See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, into, which was built the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S' Pietro; this contains ancient columns, and some remarkably See also:

• FINE

fine specimens of Cosmatesque See also:

• WORK

work . It is the only monastic; church in the Abruzzi in which `the See also:

• NAVE

nave is separated from the aisles by ancient columns . Thy collegiate church of S Nicola in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village contains a remarkable staurotheca of the ' 1 th ) See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and a wooden See also:

• TRIPTYCH (Gr. rpiary os, three-fold, made in three layers, TpL-, rpeis, three; arux1, a fold; 7rr(uoELv, to fold, double over)

triptych in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style with eaianiela of the 13th century . A very See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of the site, with plans, is given by C . Promis, L'Antichita di Alba Fueense (Rome, 1836) . (T . As.) ALBA LONGA, an ancient city 'of See also:

• LATIUM

Latium, situated on the western edge of the Albanus Lacus, about 12 m . S.E. of Rome., ItWas, 'according to tradition, founded by See also:

• ASCANIUS

Ascanius, and wasthei See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of all Latin cities—the See also:

• MOTHER

mother indeed of Rome, b t'wbichy; however; it was elestroyed, it is said under Tullus llostilius . ,By this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act Rome succeeded to the See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony of the Latin See also:

• LEAGUE

league .

It has by many topographers been placed between the Albanus, See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons and the Albanus Lacus, according to the indication given, by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius (i . 66), at the monastery of ;Palazzolo; but, the position is quite unsuitable for an ancient city, and doea notat'all ; See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy's description, ab situ porrectae in .dorso 'urbis Alba longa appellate; and it is much more probable that its site is to be sought on the western side of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, where the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel Gandolfo stands, immediately to the north of which the, most important See also:

• PART

part of the archaic See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis was situated . See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

Confirmation of this may be found in See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's description (See also:

• PRO

Pro Milone, 85) of the destruction of the shrines and sacred groves of Alba by the construction of See also:

• CLODIUS

Clodius's See also:

• VILLA

villa, in the See also:

• LOCAL

local application of the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective Albanus, and in the position of Castel Gandolfo itself, which exactly suits Livy's description . ,No traces of the ancient city, except of its necropolis, the tombs of which are overlaid with a stratum of See also:

• PEPERINO

peperino 3 ft. thick, are, preserved . The view that the modern Albano occupies the site of Alba Longa was commonly held in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was disproved by P . Cluver (1624) . But it is certain that no city took the place of Alba Longa until comparatively See also:

• LATE

late times . The name Albanian, from about s5o B.C. till the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of :See also:

• CON

Con, stantine, meant 'a villa in the See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban territory . The emperors formed a single See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate out of a considerable part of this See also:

• DISTRICT

district, including apparently the whole of the lake, and See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian was especially fond of residing here . The imperial villa occupied the site of the present Villa See also:

• BARBERINI

Barberini at Castel Gandolfo, and considerable remains of it still exist . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south was a See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp for the imperial bodyguard, with See also:

• BATHS

baths, an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, a large See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir, &c . The first See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion known to have been quartered there is the II .

Parthica, founded by Septimius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus; but it was probably constructed earlier . In some of the tombs of these legionaries coins of See also:

• MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS

Maxentius have been found, while the See also:

• LIBEL

Libel . Pontificalis records that See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine gave to the church of Albano " omnia scheneca deserta vel domos See also:

• INTRA

intra urbem Albanensem," which has generally been taken to refer to the abandoned camp: It was at this period, then, that the civitas Albanensis arose . The lapis Albanus is a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey volcanic See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone with See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white grains in it (hence the modern name, peperino), much used for See also:

• BUILDING

building material . See T . See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology, See also:

• XXVII

xxvii., 1901, 37 . (T .