EARLS AND

DUKES OF

See also:

• EARLS AND DUKES OF ALBEMARLE

ALBEMARLE  . The name Albemarle, which now forms the title of the earldom held by the English family of Keppel, is an early variant of the French Aumale (Lat . Alba Marla), other forms being Aubemarle and Aumerle, and is described in the patent of nobility granted in 1696-1697 by William III. to Arnold Joost van Keppel as " a town and territory in the dukedom of Normandy." The fief of Aumale (q. v.) was granted by the archbishop of Rouen to Odo of Champagne, brother-in-law :of William the Conqueror, who erected it into a countship . On Odo's death his son Stephen succeeded not only to the countship of Aumale, but to the lordships of Holderness, of Bytham in Lincolnshire, &c., which were subsequently known as the " Fee and Honor of Albemarle." Stephen, who as a crusader had fought valiantly-. at Antioch, died about 1127, leaving by his wife Hawise, daughter of Ralph de Mortimer, a son—William of Blois, known as " le Gros." William, who distinguished himself at the battle of the Standard (1138), and shared with King Stephen in the defeat of Lincoln (1141), married Cicely, daughter of William Fitz-Duncan, grandson of Malcolm, king of Scotland, who as " lady of Harewood " brought him vast estates . He founded abbeys at Meaux in Holderness and at Thornton, and died in 1179 . His elder daughter and heiress Hawise married (1) William de Mandeville, 3rd earl of Essex (d . 1189), (2) William de Fortibus (de Fors, de Fortz or des Forts 1), (3) Baldwin de Betun or Bethune, all of whom bore the title of earls of Albemarle . Soon after the death of Baldwin (October 13, 1213), William de For tibus, Hawise's son by her second husband, was established by King John in the territories of the countship of Albemarle, and in 1215 the whole of his mother's estates were formally confirmed to him . He is described by Bishop Stubbs as " a feudal adventurer of the worst type," and for some time was actively engaged in the struggles of the Norman barons against John and Henry III . He was one of the twenty-five executors of the Great Charter; but in the war that followed sided with John, subsequently changing sides as often as it suited his policy . His object was to revive the independent power of the feudal barons, and he co-operated to this end with Falkes de Breaute (q.v.) and other foreign adventurers established in the country by John . This brought him into conflict with the great justiciar, Hubert de Burgh, and in 1219 he was declared a rebel and ex-communicated for attending a forbidden tournament .

In 1220 matters were brought to a crisis by his refusal to surrender the two royal castles of

Rockingham and Sauvey of which- he had been made constable in 1216 . Henry III. marched against theni in person, the garrisons fled, and they fell without a blow . In the following year, however, Albemarle, in face of further efforts to reduce his power, rose in revolt . He was now again excommunicated by the legate Pandulph at a solemn council held in St Paul's, and the whole force of the kingdom was set in motion against him, a special scutage—the " scutagium de Bihan "—being voted for this purpose by the Great Council . The capture of his castle of Bytham broke his power; he sought sanctuary and, at Pandulph's intercession, was pardoned on condition of going for six years to the Holy Land . He remained in England, however, and in 1223 was once more in revolt with Falkes de Breaute, the earl of Chester and other turbulent spirits . A reconciliation was once more patched up; but it was not 1 The name was derived from Fors, a commune in the canton of Prahecq in Poitou . It is spelt Forz in a deed of 1233, and the best vernacular form is, according to Thomas Stapleton (Preface to the Liber de Antiquitate, Camden Soc., 1846, p. xxxiv. note), de Fortz..until the fall of Falkes de Breaute that Albemarle finally settled down as an English noble . In 1225 he witnessed Henry's third re-issue of the Great Charter; in 1227 he went as. ambassador to Antwerp; and in 1230 he accompanied Henry on his expedition to Brittany . In 1241 he set out for the Holy Land, but died at sea, on his way there, on the 26th of March 1242 . By his wife Avelina of Montfichet, William left a- son, also named William, who married (1) Christina (d . 1246), daughter and, co-heiress of Alan, lord of Galloway, (2) in 1248 Isabella de Redvers (1237-'1292-3), daughter of Baldwin de Redvers, earl of Devon and lord of the Isle of Wight .

He played a conspicuous

part in the reign of Henry III., notably in the, Mad Parliament of ,z58, and died-at Amiens in 126o .. His widow, Isabella, on the death of her brother Baldwin, 8th earl of Devon, in 1261, called herself countess of Devon.- She had two children, Thomas, who died in 1269 unmarried, and Avelina, who married (1269) Edmund Plantagenet, earl of Lancaster, and died: without issue in 1274.-' The " Honor of Albemarle ' was claimed, in 1278, by John de Eston, or Aston, as heir of Arnicia, younger daughter of William le . Gros;; but he released his right to the earldom of Albemarle to the crown in exchange for certain lands in Thornton . The title of Albemarle, thus extinguished, was several times revived before it 'became attached to the family of its present holders . In 1385, Thomas of -Woodstock, duke of Gloucester; was; summoned to parliament as "duke of Albemarle," but ,he Seems never subsequently to have used the title . In any case this creation became extinct with the death of .his son Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, in 1399 . In 1411 Thomas Plantagenet, second son of.Henry IV., was created earl of Albemarle and duke of Clarence, but at his death at the battle of Beauge (March 22, 1421) these honours became extinct . That of Albemarle was, however, soon revived (c . 1423) in favour of Richard de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, whose title of earl of Aumerle, however, died with him . In 166o Charles II. bestowed the title of duke of Albemarle on General Monk (q.v.) . Monk's hereditary claim tothissemiroyal peerage was a very shadowy one, being based—as was also his subordinate style of Baron Beauchamp—on his descent from the youngest of the three co-heiresses of Richard, earl of Warwick, and, with yet more remote applicability, on that from Arthur Plantagenet, a natural son of Edward IV . The title became extinct in 1688, on the death of Christopher, 2nd duke of Albemarle .

Finally, as mentioned above, the title of earl of Albemarle was bestowed by William III., without any.

shadow ofhereditary claim, on his Dutch favourite Arnold joost van Keppel (see below), by whose descendants it is still held . The motive for choosing this title was probably that, apart from its dignified traditions, it avoided the difficulty created by the fact that the Keppels had as yet no territorial possessions in the British Islands .