GIULIO See also:

• GIULIO ALBERONI (1664-1752)

ALBERONI (1664-1752)  , See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish–See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born near See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza, probably at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• FIORENZUOLA

Fiorenzuola, on ' the 31st of May 1664 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a gardener, and he himself became first connected with the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in the humble position of See also:

• VERGER (ALE. vergere; O. Fr. vergier; Med. Lat. virgarius, one who bears a rod or staff, an apparitor; Lat. virga, rod)

verger in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of Piacenza.' Having gained the favour of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Barni he took See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's orders, and afterwards accompanied the son of his See also:

• PATRON

patron to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . During the ' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the Spanish See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession See also:

• ALBERONI, GIULIO (1664-1752)

Alberoni laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political success by the services he rendered to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome, See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French forces in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; and when these forces were recalled in 1706 he accompanied the duke to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he was favourably received by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV . Ins 1711 he followed Vendome into See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain as his secretary . Two years later, the duke having died in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval, Alberoni was appointed consular See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent for See also:

• PARMA

Parma at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. of Spain, being raised at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to the dignity of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . On his arrival at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid he found the princesse See also:

• DES

des See also:

• URSINS, MARIE ANNE DE LA TREMOILLE, PRINCESS DES (1642-1722)

Ursins all but omnipotent with the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and for a time he judged it expedient to use her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in carrying out his plans . In See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with her he arranged the king's See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese of Parma, . The influence of the new See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf, he speedily See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to high position . He was made a member of the king's See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, bishop of See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga, and in 1715 See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and was raised to the dignity of cardinal in 1717 . ' His See also:

• INTERNAL

internal policy was exceedingly vigorous . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main purpose he put before himself was to produce an economic revival in Spain by abolishing internal See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-houses, throwing open the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the Indies and reorganizing the finances . With the resources thus gained he undertook to enable King Philip V. to carry out an ambitious policy both in Italy and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France .

The impatience of the king and his wife gave the minister no time to mature his plans . By provoking See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, France, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire at once it brought a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of disaster on Spain for which Alberoni was held responsible . On the 5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1719 he was ordered to leave Spain, Elizabeth herself having taken an active See also:

• PART

part in procuring the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of banishment . He went to Italy, and there had to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge among the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement XI., who was his See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter enemy, having given strict orders for his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of Clement, Alberoni boldly appeared at the See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

Conclave, and took part in the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent XIII . (1721), after which he was for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time imprisoned by the pontiff on the demand of Spain . At the next election (1724) he was himself proposed for the papal See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, and secured ten votes at the Conclave which elected See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict XIII . Benedict's successor, Clement XII . (elected 1730), named him See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, in which capacity he incurred the pope's displeasure by the strong and unwarrantable See also:

• MEASURES

measures he adopted to reduce the little See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MARINO

Marino to subjection to Rome . He' was consequently replaced by another legate in 1740, and soon after he retired to Piacenza . Clement XII. appointed him See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of San Lazzaro at Piacenza in 1730 . The-hospital was a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval foundation for the benefit of lepers .

The disease having disappeared from Italy, Alberoni obtained the consent of the pope to the suppression of the hospital, which had fallen into See also:

• GREAT

great disorder, and replaced it by a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of seventy poor boys for the priesthood, under the name of the Collegio Alberoni, which it still bears . He died on the 16th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1752, leaving a sum of 600,000 ducats to endow the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary he had founded, and the See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue of the immense See also:

• WEALTH

wealth he had acquired in Spain to his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew . Alberoni See also:

• LEFT

left a large quantity of See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts; but the genuineness of the Political Testament, published in his name at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne in 1753, has been questioned . An Histoire du Cardinal Alberoni up to 1719 was published by See also:

• JEAN

Jean Rousset de Missy at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague in 1719 . A laudatory See also:

• LIFE

life, Storia del Cardinale Giulio Alberoni, was published by Stefano Bersani, a priest educated at his college, at Piacenza, in, 1861 . Giulio Alberoni e ii suo secolo, by Giovanni Bianchi (1901), is briefer and more See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical . See also Lettres intimes de J . Alberoni, edited by M . E . See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

Bourgeois (1892) .