See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

ALBERT (149o-1568)  , See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order, and first See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, was the third son of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick of See also:

• HOHENZOLLERN

Hohenzollern, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• ANSBACH

Ansbach and See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth, and See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland . See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Born at Ansbach on the 16th of May 1490, he was intended for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and passed some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann, elector of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, who appointed him to a canonry in his See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . Turning to a more active See also:

• LIFE

life, he accompanied the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I. to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 15o8, and after his return spent some time in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, Frederick, grand master of the Teutonic Order, died, and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, joining the order, was chosen as his successor See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1511 in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that his relationship to See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund I., king of Poland, would facilitate a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the disputes over See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east Prussia, which had been held by the order under See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty since 1466 . The new master, however, showed no See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be conciliatory, and as See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war appeared inevitable, he made strenuous efforts to secure See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and carried on tedious negotiations with the emperor Maximilian I . The See also:

• ILL

ill-feeling, influenced by the ravages of members of the order in Poland, culminated in a struggle which began in December 1519 . During the ensuing See also:

• YEAR

year Prussia was devastated, and Albert consented early in 1521 to a truce for four years . The dispute was referred to the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. and other princes, but as no settlement was reached the master continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war . For this purpose he visited See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the reformer, Andreas See also:

• OSIANDER, ANDREAS (1498–1552)

Osiander, by whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence he was won over to the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the new faith . He then journeyed to See also:

• WITTEN

Witten-See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg, where he was advised by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast aside the senseless rules of his order, to marry, and to convert Prussia into an hereditary duchy for himself . This proposal, which commended itself to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian VI. that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted Lutheran doctrines . Luther for his See also:

• PART

part did not stop at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, but in order to facilitate the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change made See also:

• SPECIAL

special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, prince of Ansbach, laid the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme before Sigismund of Poland .

After some delay the king assented to it provided that Prussia were held as a Polish See also:

• FIEF

fief; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty made at See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, Albert was invested with the duchy by Sigismund for himself and his heirs on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1525 . The estates of the See also:

• LAND

land then met at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg and took the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the new duke, who used his full See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to forward the doctrines of Luther . This transition did not, however, take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place without protest . Summoned before the imperial court of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, Albert refused to appear and was placed under the See also:

• BAN

ban; while the order, having deposed the grand master, made a feeble effort to recover Prussia . But as the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes were either too busy or too indifferent to attack the duke, the agitation against him soon died away . In imperial politics Albert was fairly active . Joining the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of See also:

• TORGAU

Torgau in 1526, he acted in unison with the Protestants, and was among the princes who banded themselves together to overthrow Charles V. after the issue of the See also:

• INTERIM

Interim in May 1548 . For various reasons, however, poverty and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal inclination among others, he did not take a497 prominent part in the military operations of this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The early years of Albert's See also:

• RULE

rule in Prussia were fairly prosperous . Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court . He did something for the furtherance of learning by establishing See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in every See also:

• TOWN

town and by giving privileges to See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs who adopted a scholastic life . In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded a university at Konigsberg, where he appointed his friend Osiander to a professorship in 1549 .

This step was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign . Osiander's divergence from Luther's See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith involved him in a violent See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon, who had adherents in Konigsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town . The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the See also:

• AREA

area of the quarrel soon broadened . There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular . After Osiander's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1552 he favoured a preacher named See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Funck, who, with an adventurer named See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Scalich, exercised See also:

• GREAT

great influence over him and obtained considerable See also:

• WEALTH

wealth at the public expense . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of turmoil caused by these religious and See also:

• POLITICAL

political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity in that event for a regency owing to the youth of his only son, Albert Frederick . The duke was consequently obliged to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax came in 1566 when the estates appealed to Sigismund II., king of Poland, who sent a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to Konigsberg . Scalich saved his life by See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, but Funck was executed; the question of the regency was settled; and a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Lutheran-ism was adopted, and declared binding on all teachers and preachers . Virtually deprived of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, the duke lived for two years longer, and died at Tapiau on the 20th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1568 . In 1526 he had married Dorothea, daughter of Frederick I., king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, and after her death in 1547, See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Maria, daughter of See also:

• ERIC

Eric I., duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick . Albert was a voluminous See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-writer, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time . In 1891 a statue was erected to his memory at Konigsberg .

See J . Voigt, Briefwechsel der beruhmtesten Gelehrten See also:

• DES

des Zeitalters der See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog Albrecht von Preussen (Konigsberg, 1841) ; E . See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Politik des letzten Hochmeisters in Preussen, Albrecht von See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1892) ; K . Lohmeyer, Herzog Albrecht von Preussen (See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig, 189o) .