See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

ALBERT I  . (c . 1250-1308), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, eldest son of King See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph I., the founder of the greatness of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, was invested with the duchies of Austria and See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, together with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Rudolph, in 1282 . In 1283 his See also:

• FATHER

father entrusted him with their See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and he appears to have ruled them with conspicuous success . Rudolph was unable to secure the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the German See also:

• THRONE

throne for his son, and on his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1291, the princes, fearing See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose Adolph of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau as king . A rising among his Swabian dependants compelled Albert to recognize the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival, and to confine himself to the government of the Habsburg territories . He did not abandon his hopes of the' throne, and, in 1298, was chosen German king by some of the princes, who were dissatisfied with Adolph . The armies of the rival See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings met at Gollheim near See also:

• WORMS

Worms, where Adolph was defeated and slain, and Albert submitted to a fresh See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . Having secured the support of several influential princes by extensive promises, he was chosen at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July 1298, and crowned at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August following . Albert sought to See also:

• PLAY

play an important See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European affairs . He seemed at first inclined to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France over the Burgundian frontier, but the refusal of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface VIII. to recognize his election led him to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change his policy, and, in 1299, a treaty was made between Albert and See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip IV., king of France, by which Rudolph, the son of the German king, was to marry See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche, a daughter of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French king . He afterwards became estranged from Philip, and, in 1303, was recognized as German king and future See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor by Boniface, and, in return, admitted the right of the pope alone to bestow the imperial See also:

• CROWN

crown, and promised that none of his sons should be elected German king without the papal consent .

Albert had failed in his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to seize See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, as vacant fiefs of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, on the death of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John I. in 1299, but in 1306 he secured the crown of Bohemia for his son Rudolph on the death of King See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus III . He also renewed the claim which had been made by his predecessor, Adolf, on Thuringia, and interfered in a quarrel over the succession to the Hungarian throne . His attack on Thuringia ended in his defeat at Lucka in 1307, and, in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, the death of his son Rudolph weakened his position in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . His See also:

• ACTION

action in abolishing all tolls established on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine since 1250, led to the formation of a See also:

• LEAGUE

league against him by the Rhenish archbishops and the count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the Rhine; but aided by the towns, he soon crushed the rising . He was on the way to suppress a revolt in See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia when he was murdered on the 1st of May 1308, at Windisch on the See also:

• REUSS
• REUSS, EDOUARD GUILLAUME EUGENE (1804–18gr)

Reuss, by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew John, afterwards called " the See also:

• PARRICIDE (probably for Lat. patricidia, from pater, father, and caedere, to slay); strictly the murder of a parent; the term however has been extended to include the murder of any relative or of an ascendant by a descendant. The first Roman law against p

Parricide," whom he had deprived of his See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . Albert married See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, daughter of Meinhard IV.,count of See also:

• GORZ (Ital. Gorizia ; Slovene, Gorica)

Gorz and See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol, who See also:

• BORE

bore him six sons and five daughters . Although a hard, stern See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, he had a keen sense of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice when his selfish interests were not involved, and few of the German kings possessed so See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical an intelligence . He encouraged the cities, and not content with issuing proclamations against private See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, formed alliances with the princes in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to enforce his decrees . The See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs, whose wrongs seldom attracted See also:

• NOTICE

notice in an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age indifferent to the claims of See also:

• COMMON

common humanity, found a friend in this severe monarch, and he protected even the-despised and persecuted See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The stories of his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and oppression in the Swiss cantons first appear in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and are now regarded as legendary . See G . See also:

• DROYSEN, JOHANN GUSTAV (1808—1884)

Droysen, Albrechts I .

Bemuhungen um See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Nachfolge See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Reich (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1862); J . F . A . Mueke, Albrecht I. von Habsburg (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1866); A . L . J . Michelsen, Die Landgrafschaft Thuringen unter den Konigen Adolf, Albrecht, and Heinrich VII . (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 186o) .