See also:

• ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from Alba = Aube in France)

ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from See also:

• ALBA

Alba = See also:

• AUBE

Aube in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France)  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology the See also:

• TERM

term proposed in 1842 by A. d'See also:

• ORBIGNY, ALCIDE DESSALINES

Orbigny for that See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the Cretaceous See also:

• SYSTEM

System which comes above the See also:

• APTIAN (Fr. Aptien, from Apt in Vaucluse, France)

Aptian and below the Cenomanian (See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

Pal . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Cret. ii.) . The precise limits of this stage are placed somewhat differently by See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental geologists . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England it is usual to regard the See also:

• ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from Alba = Aube in France)

Albian stage as See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the Upper See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand plus See also:

• GAULT

Gault, that is, to the " Selbornian " of See also:

• JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE (1811-1869)

Jukes-See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne . But A. de See also:

• LAPPARENT, ALBERT AUGUSTE COCHON DE (1839–19o8)

Lapparent would See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place most of the Upper Greensand in the Cenomanian . The English practice is to commence the upper Cretaceous with the Albian; on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, this stage closes the See also:

• LOWER

lower Cretaceous according to continental usage . It is necessary therefore, when using the term Albian, to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear these See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in mind, and to ascertain the exact position of the strata by reference to the zonal fossils . These are, in descending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, Pecten as per and Cardiaster fossarius, Schloenbachia rostrata, Hoplites lautus and H. interruptus, Douvilleiceras mammillatum . In addition to the formations mentioned, above, the following representatives of the Albian stage are worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice: the gaize and phosphatic beds of See also:

• ARGONNE

Argonne and See also:

• BRAY
• BRAY, SIR REGINALD (d. 1503)
• BRAY, THOMAS (1656-1730)

Bray in France;' the Flammenmergel of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; the-lignites of Utrillas in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; the Upper Sandstones of See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia, and the Fredericksburg beds of North See also:

• AMERICA

America . See GAULT, GREENSAND, and CRETACEOUS . (J .

A . H.) ALBIGENSES, the usual designation of the heretics—and more especially the Catharist heretics—of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of France in the 12th and 13th centuries . This name appears to have been given to them at the end of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and was used in 1181 by the chronicler See also:

• GEOFFROY
• GEOFFROY, ETIENNE FRANCOIS (1672-1731)
• GEOFFROY, JULIEN LOUIS (1743-1814)

Geoffroy de Vigeois . The designation is hardly exact, for the heretical centre was at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse and in the neighbouring districts rather than at See also:

• ALBI

Albi (the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Albiga) . The See also:

• HERESY

heresy, which had, penetrated into these regions probably by See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes, came originally from eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The name of Bulgarians (Bougres) was often applied to the Albigenses,, and they always kept up intercourse with the Bogomil sectaries of See also:

• THRACE

Thrace . Their dualist doctrines, as described by controversialists, See also:

• PRESENT

present numerous resemblances to those of the See also:

• BOGOMILS

Bogomils, and still more to those of the See also:

• PAULICIANS

Paulicians, with whom they are sometimes connected . It is exceedingly difficult, how-ever, to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form any very precise See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the Albigensian doctrines, as our knowledge of them is derived from their opponents, and the very rare texts emanating from the Albigenses which have come down to us (e.g. the Rituel cathare de See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon and the Nouveau; Testament en provencal) contain very inadequate See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, concerning their metaphysical principles and moral practice . What is certain is that, above all, they formed an See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-sacerdotal party in permanent opposition to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and raised. a continued protest against the corruption of t' See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of their See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The Albigensian theologians and ascetics, the Cathari or perfecti, known in the south of France as bons hommes or bons chretiens, were few in number; the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of believers (credentes) were perhaps not initiated into the Catharist See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine; at all events, they were See also:

• FREE

free from all moral See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition and all religious See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation, on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that they promised by an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act,called. convenenza to become ." hereticized " by receiving the consolamentum, the See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism of the Spirit, before their See also:

• DEATH

death or even, in extremis . The first Catharist heretics appeared in See also:

• LIMOUSIN (Lat. Pagus Lemovicinus, ager Lemovicensis, regio Lemovicum, Lemozinum, Limosinium, &c.)
• LIMOUSIN (or LIMOSIN), LEONARD (c. 1505-c. 1577)

Limousin between 1012 and 1020 . Several were discovered and put to death at Toulouse in 1022; and the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of Charroux (dep. of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne) in ro28, and that of Toulouse in ro56, condemned the growing See also:

• SECT

sect .

The preachers Raoul Ardent in Iior and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert of Arbrissel in 1114 were summoned to the districts of the See also:

• AGENAIS

Agenais and, the Toulousain to combat the heretical propaganda . But, protected by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IX., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, and soon by a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, the heretics gained, ground in the south, and in 1119 the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Toulouse in vain ordered the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular, See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to assist the ecclesiastical authority in quelling the heresy . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people were attached, to the bons hommes, whose See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism imposed upon the masses, and the ,anti-sacerdotal See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter of Bruys and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne in See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord, . See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc and See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence, only facilitated the progress of Catharism in those regions . In 1147 See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius III. sent the See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate Alberic of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia and St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard to the affected See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The few isolated successes of the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux could not obscure the real results of this See also:

• MISSION

mission, and the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at Lombers in '165 of a synod, where See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic; priests. had to submit to a discussion with Catharist doctors, well shows the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the sect in the south of France at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Moreover,, two years afterwards a Catharist synod, in which heretics , from Languedoc, See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy took part, was held at St See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix de Caraman, near Toulouse, and their deliberations were undisturbed, The See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Peter (of St Chrysogonus);; formerly See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux, to Toulouse and the Toulousain in I 178, and of Henry, cardinal-bishop of Albano (formerly abbot of Clairvaux), in 118o–' 181, obtained merely momentary successes . Henry of Albano attempted an armed expedition against the stronghold of heretics at See also:

• LAVAUR

Lavaur and against See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount of See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers, their acknowledged See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector . The taking of Lavaur and . the submission of Raymond Roger in no way arrested the progressof the heresy . The persistent decisions of the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils against the heretics at this period—in particular, those of the council of See also:

• TOURS

Tours (1163) and of the See also:

• OECUMENICAL (through the Lat. from Gr. oiKOVµevI.KOS, universal, belonging to the whole inhabited world, i] oiKovµtvf sc. y;7, aides, to dwell)

oecumenical Lateran council (1179)—had scarcely more effect . But on ascending the papal See also:

• THRONE

throne, See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III. resolved to suppress the Albigenses . At first he tried pacific See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion, and in 1198 and 1199 sent into the affected regions two Cistercian monks, See also:

• REGNIER, HENRI FRANCOIS JOSEPH DE (1864– )
• REGNIER, MATHURIN (1573–1613)

Regnier and See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy, and in 1203 two monks of Fontfroide, Peter of See also:

• CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE, SIEUR DE LA MAUVTSSIERE (c. 1520-1592)

Castelnau and Raoul (See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph), with whom in 1204 he even associated the Cistercian abbot, See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud (See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold) .

They had to contend not only with the heretics, the nobles who protected them, and the people who listened to them and venerated them, but also with the bishops of the district, who rejected the extraordinary authority which the pope had conferred upon his legates, the monks . In 1204 Innocent III. suspended the authority of the bishops of the south of France . Peter of Castelnau retaliated by excommunicating Raymond VI., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Toulouse, as an See also:

• ABETTOR (from " to abet," O. Fr. abeter, d and beter, to bait, urge dogs upon any one ; this word is probably of Scandinavian origin, meaning to cause to bite)

abettor of heresy (1207), and kindled in the nobles of the south that animosity of which he was the first victim (1209) . As soon as he heard of the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Peter of Castelnau, the pope ordered the See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians to preach the crusade against the Albigenses . This implacable See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, which threw the whole of the nobility of the north of France against that of the south, and destroyed the brilliant Provencal See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, ended, politically, in the treaty of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (1229), by which the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of France dispossessed the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Toulouse of the greater part of its fiefs, and that of Beziers of the whole of its fiefs . The See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the princes of the south was at an end, but, so far as the heresy was concerned, Albigensianism was not extinguished, in spite of the wholesale massacres of heretics during the war . Raymond VII. of Toulouse and the count of See also:

• FOIX

Foix gave See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum to the " faidits " (proscribed), and the people were averse from handing over the bons hommes . The See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition, however, operating unremittingly in the south at Toulouse, Albi, See also:

• CARCASSONNE

Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century and a great part of the 14th, succeeded in crushing the heresy . There were indeed some outbursts of See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, some fomented by the nobles of Languedoc (124o-1242), and others emanating from the people of the towns, who were embittered by confiscations and religious persecutions (e.g. at See also:

• NARBONNE

Narbonne in 1234 and Toulouse in 1235), but the repressive See also:

• MEASURES

measures were terrible . In 1245 the royal See also:

• OFFICERS

officers assisting the Inquisition seized the heretical citadel of Montsegur, and 200 Cathari were burned in one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Moreover, the church decreed severe chastisement against all laymen suspected of sympathy with the heretics (council of Narbonne, 1235; See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull Ad extirpanda, 1252) . Hunted down by the Inquisition and quickly abandoned by the nobles of the district, the Albigenses became more and more scattered, hiding in the forests and mountains, and only meeting surreptitiously .

There were some recrudescences of heresy, such as that produced by the preaching (1298-1309) of the Catharist See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Authier; the people, too, made some attempts to throw off the yoke of the Inquisition and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French,' and insurrections See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out under the leadership of Bernard of Foix, Aimery of Narbonne, and, especially, Bernard Delicieux at the beginning of the 14th century . But at this point vast inquests were set on See also:

• FOOT

foot by the Inquisition, which terrorized the district . Precise indications of these are found in the registers of the Inquisitors, Bernard of Caux, See also:

• JEAN

Jean de St Pierre, Geoffroy d'Ablis, and others . The sect, moreover, was exhausted and could find no more adepts in a district which, by See also:

• FAIR

fair means or foul, had arrived at a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious unity . After 1330 the records of the Inquisition contain but few proceedings against Catharists . (See also under See also:

• CATHARS (CATHARI or CATHARISTS)

CATHARS.) ' These they often confounded, and a heretic is described as saying: " Clergy and French, they are one and the same thing."of the Inquisition of Carcassonne, published by Ph. See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• LIMBORCH, PHILIPP VAN (1633-1712)

Limborch at the end of his Historia Inquisitions (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1692); other registers of the Inquisition analysed at length by Ch . See also:

• MOLINIER, AUGUSTE (1851-1904)

Molinier, op. cit., some published in vol. ii. of the Documents pour l'histoire de ?Inquisition (Paris, 1900), by C . Douais; numerous texts concerning the last days of Albigensianism, collected by M . Vidal, " See also:

• LES

Les derniers ministres albigeeis,' in Rev. de quest. histor . (1906) . See also the Rituel cathare, ed. by See also:

• CUNITZ, MARIA (c. 1610-1664)

Cunitz (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1852) ; the Nouveau Testament en Provencal, ed. by Cledat (Paris, 1887) ; and the very curious Debat d' Yzarn et de Sicart de Figueiras, ed. by P . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer (188o) .

On the See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics of the Catharists, see Jean See also:

• GUIRAUD, ERNEST (1837—1892)

Guiraud, Questions d'histoire et d'archeologie chretienne (Paris, 1906) ; and P . Alphandery, Les idees morales chez les heterodoxes latins au debut du XIIIe siecle (Paris, 1903) . (P .