See also:

• ALB (Lat. alba, from albus, white)

ALB (See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• ALBA

alba, from albus, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white)  , a liturgical vestment of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . It is a See also:

• SACK

sack-like See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LINEN

linen, with narrow sleeves and a hole for the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head to pass through, and when gathered up See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• WAIST

waist by the See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle (cingulum) just clears the ground . Albs were originally quite See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but about the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom arose of ornamenting the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders and the cuffs of the sleeves with strips of See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery, and this be-came See also:

• COMMON

common in the 12th century . These at first encircled the whole border; but soon it became customary to substitute for them square patches of embroidery or See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious fabrics . These " parures "" apparels "or" orphreys " (See also:

• LAT

Lat. parurae, grammata, aurifrisia, &c.), were usually four in number, one being sewn on the back and another on the front of the vestment just above the See also:

• LOWER

lower hem, and one on each See also:

• CUFF

cuff . When, as occasionally happened, a fifth was added, this was placed on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast just below the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck opening . These " apparelled albs " (albae paratae) continued in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use in the Western Church till the 16th century, when a tendency to dispense with the parures began, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome itself setting the example . The growth of the See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the 17th century hastened the See also:

• PROCESS

process by leading to the substitution of broad bands of lace as decoration; occasionally, as in a magnificent specimen pre-served at See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington, nearly See also:

• HALF

half the vestment is thus Apparelled See also:

• ALB (Lat. alba, from albus, white)

Alb in the South Kensington Museum . From Braun's Liturgische Gewandung . composed of lace . , At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, so far as the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholic Church is concerned, apparelled albs are only in See also:

• REGULAR

regular use at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan (Ambrosian Rite), and, partially, in certain churches in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of See also:

• RITES

Rites (May 18,1819) says nothing about apparels, but only See also:

• LAYS

lays down that the alb must be of white linen or See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp See also:

• CLOTH

cloth .

There is no definite See also:

• RULE

rule as to the material or See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the ornamentation, and attempts have been made, especially in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, to revive the use of the apparelled alb . In the Roman Church the alb is now reckoned as one of the See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments proper to the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass . It is worn by bishops, priests, deacons and subdeacons under the other eucharistic vestments, either at Mass or at functions connected with it . It is sometimes also worn by clerics in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor orders, whose proper vestment is, however, the See also:

• SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)

surplice—itself a modification of the alb (see SURPLICE) . The alb is supposed to be symbolical of purity, and the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, when putting it on, prays: " Make me white and purify my See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, 0 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord," &c . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the parures, which originally had no mystic intention whatever, were taken to symbolize the wounds of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ; whence probably is derived the custom surviving at the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, of the singers of the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday being vested in apparelled albs . In England at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation the alb went out of use with the other " Mass vestments," and remained out of use in the Church of England until the See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual revival of the 19th century . It is now worn in a considerable number of churches not onlyby the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy but by acolytes and servers at the Communion . Where the ritual, as in most cases, is a revival of pre-Reformation uses and not modelled on that of See also:

• MODERN

modern Rome, these albs are frequently apparelled . For the question of its legality see VESTMENTS . Both the alb and its name are derived ultimately from the Tunica See also:

• ALBA

alba, the white tunic, which formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of Roman citizens under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . As such it was worn both in and out of church, the few notices remaining which suggest a See also:

• SPECIAL

special tunic for ministers at the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist merely implying that it was not fitting to use for so sacred a See also:

• FUNCTION

function a garment soiled by everyday See also:

• WEAR

wear .

The date of its definite See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption as a liturgical vestment is uncertain; at Rome— where until the 13th century it was known as the linea or camisia (cf. the modern See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian camice for alb)—it seems to have been thus used as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 5th century . But as See also:

• LATE

late as the 9th and loth centuries the alba is still an everyday as well as a liturgical garment, and we find bishops and synods forbidding priests to sing mass in the alba worn by them in ordinary See also:

• LIFE

life (see Braun, p . 62) . Throughout the middle ages, moreover, the word alba was somewhat loosely used . In the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval inventories are sometimes fourfd albae, described as red, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black; which has led to the belief that albs were sometimes not only made of stuffs other than linen, but were coloured . It is clear, however, from the descriptions of these vestments that in some cases they were actually tunicles, the confusion of terms arising from the similarity of shape (see See also:

• DALMATIC (Lat. dalmatica, tunica dalmatica)

DALMATIC); in other cases the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour applied to the parures, not to the albs as a whole . See also:

• SILK

Silk albs appear in the inventories, but only very exceptionally . The See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the alb in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Churches of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East is the sticharion (artx6pwv) of the Orthodox Church (Armenian shapik, Syrian Kutina, Coptic stoicharion or tuniah) . It is worn girdled by bishops and priests in all rites, by subdeacons in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Coptic rites . By deacons and lectors it is worn ungirdled in all the rites . The colour of the vestment is usually white for bishops and priests (this is the rule in the Coptic Church); for the other orders there is no rule, and all See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, except black, may be used . Its material may be linen, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, cottpn or silk; but silk only is the rule for deacons .

In the Armenian and Coptic rites the vestment is often elaborately embroidered; in the other rites the only See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament is a See also:

• CROSS

cross high in the middle of the back, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of bishops of the Orthodox Church, whose sticharia are ornamented with two See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical red stripes (iroraµoi, " See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers ") . In the East as in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West the vestment is specially associated with the ritual of the Eucharist . The whole subject is exhaustively treated by See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Braun in See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die liturgische Gewandung (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau, 1907) . See also bibliography to the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article VESTMENTS .