See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)  , Athenian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . He was the son of Cleinias and Deinomache, who belonged to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the See also:

• ALCMAEONIDAE

Alcmaeonidae . He was a near relative of See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, who, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Cleinias at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Coroneia (447), became his See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian . Thus See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early deprived of his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, possessed of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PERSONAL

personal beauty and the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir to great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, which was increased by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, he showed himself self-willed, capricious and passionate, and indulged in the wildest freaks and most insolent behaviour . Nor did the instructors of his early manhood See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the corrective which his boyhood lacked . From See also:

• PROTAGORAS (c. 481-411 B.C.)

Protagoras, Prodicus and others he learnt to laugh at the See also:

• COMMON

common ideas of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice,See also:

• TEMPERANCE

temperance, holiness and patriotism . The laborious thought, the ascetic See also:

• LIFE

life of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates, he was able to admire, but not to imitate or practise . On the contrary, his ostentatious vanity, his amours, his debaucheries and his impious See also:

• REVELS, MASTER OF THE

revels became notorious . But great as were his vices, his abilities were even greater . He took See also:

• PART

part in the battle of Potidaea (432), where his life was saved by Socrates, a service which he repaid at the battle of Delium (424) . As the See also:

• REWARD

reward of his bravery, the wealthy Hipponicus bestowed upon him the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of his daughter . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he took a prominent part in Athenian politics during the Peloponnesian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war .

Originally friendly to See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, he subsequently became the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the war party in opposition to See also:

• NICIAS
• NICIAS (d. 414 B.C.)

Nicias, and after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of 421 he succeeded by an unscrupulous See also:

• TRICK

trick in duping the Spartan ambassadors, and persuading the Athenians to conclude an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance (420) with See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, Ells and See also:

• MANTINEIA, or MANTINEA

Mantineia (Thuc. v . 56, 76) . On the failure of Nicias in See also:

• THRACE

Thrace (418-417) he became the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the Sicilian expedition, seeing an opportunity for the realization of his ambitious projects, which included the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, to be followed by that of See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus and possibly of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage (though this seems to have been an afterthought) . The expedition was decided upon with great See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, and See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, Nicias and Lamachus were appointed See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint commanders . But, on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day before the expedition sailed, there occurred the mysterious See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation of the Herniae, and Alcibiades was accused not only of being the originator of the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, but also of having profaned the Eleusinian mysteries . His See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for an immediate investigation being refused, he was obliged to set See also:

• SAIL

sail with the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge still See also:

• HANGING

hanging over him . Almost as soon as he reached Sicily he was recalled to stand his trial, but he escaped on the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and made his way to Sparta . Learning that he had been condemned to death in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence and his See also:

• PROPERTY

property confiscated, he openly joined the Spartans, and persuaded them to send See also:

• GYLIPPUS

Gylippus to assist the Syracusans and to fortify See also:

• DECELEA (Gr. DeeeXeta); an Attic deme, on the pass which led over the east end of Mt. Parnes towards Oropus and Chalcis. From its position it has a commanding view over the Athenian plain. Its eponymous %; ro, Decelus, was said to have indicated to the Ty

Decelea in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . He then passed over to See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, prevailed upon many of the Ionic See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of Athens to revolt, and concluded an alliance with the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap See also:

• TISSAPHERNES (Pers. Cithrafarna)

Tissaphernes . But in a few months he had •lost the confidence of the Spartans, and at the instigation of See also:

• AGIS

Agis II., whose personal hostility he had excited, an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was sent for his See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . Receiving timely See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information of this order he crossed over to Tissaphernes (412), and persuaded him to adopt the negative policy of leaving Athens and Sparta to See also:

• WEAR

wear them-selves out by their mutual struggles . Alcibiades was now See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on returning to Athens, and he used his supposed See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with Tissaphernes to effect his purpose .

He entered into negotiations with the oligarch See also:

• PEISANDER

Peisander, but when these led to no result he attached himself to the See also:

• FLEET

fleet at See also:

• SAMOS

Samos which remained loyal to the See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, and was subsequently recalled by See also:

• THRASYBULUS

Thrasybulus, although he did not at once return to Athens . , Being appointed See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont, he defeated the Spartan fleet at See also:

• ABYDOS

Abydos (411) and See also:

• CYZICUS

Cyzicus (410), and re-covered See also:

• CHALCEDON
• CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF

Chalcedon,and See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium . On his return to Athens after these successes he was welcomed with unexpected enthusiasm (407); all the proceedings against him were cancelled, and he was appointed general with full See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . His See also:

• ILL

ill success, however, at See also:

• ANDROS, or ANDRO
• ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714)

Andros, and the defeat at Notium (407) of his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus, led the Athenians to dismiss him from his command . He thereupon retired to the Thracian Chersonesus . After the battle of See also:

• AEGOSPOTAMI (i.e. " Goat Streams ")

Aegospotami, and the final defeat of Athens, he crossed the Hellespont and took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with See also:

• PHARNABAZUS

Pharnabazus in See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of securing the aid of See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes against Sparta . But the Spartans induced Pharnabazus to put him out of the way; as he was about to set out for the Persian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence was set on See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and on rushing out on his assassins, See also:

• DAGGER

dagger in hand, he was killed by a shower of arrows (4o4) . There can be no doubt that his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to Sparta in connexion with See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse and the fortification of Decelea was the real cause of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country's downfall, though it is only See also:

• FAIR

fair to him to add that had he been allowed to continue in command of the Sicilian expedition he would undoubtedly have overruled the fatal policy of Nicias and prevented the See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe of 413 . = His belated See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to repair his fatal treachery only exposed the essential selfishness of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Though he must have known that his influence over the Persian satraps was slender in the extreme, he used it with the most flagrant dishonesty as a bait first to Sparta, then to the Athenian oligarchs, and finally to the democracy . Superficial and opportunist to the last, he owed the successes of his meteoric career purely to personal See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism and an almost incredible capacity for deception . There are lives of Alcibiades by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch and See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos, and monographs by See also:

• HERTZBERG, EWALD FRIEDRICH, COUNT VON (1725-1795)

Hertzberg, A. der Staatsmann and Feldherr (1853), and See also:

• HOUSSAYE, ARSINE (1815-1896)

Houssaye, Histoire d'Alcibiade (1873); but the best accounts will be found in the histories of See also:

• GREECE

Greece by G .

See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote (also notes in abridged ed., 1907), Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, and See also:

• WORKS

works quoted under GREECE, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• SECT

sect . " Authorities "; also PELOPONNESIAN WAR .