MARIANNA See also:

• MARIANNA ALCOFORADO (1640-1723)

ALCOFORADO (1640-1723)  , Portuguese authoress, writer of the Letters of .a Portuguese See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun, was the daughter of a landed proprietor in See also:

• ALEMTEJO (i.e. " Beyond the Tagus ")

Alemtejo . See also:

• BEJA (or BiJA)
• BEJA (probably the ancient Pax Julia)

Beja, her birthplace, was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• TOWN

town of that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, itself the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of the twenty-eight. years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain that followed the Portuguese revolution of 164o, and her widowed See also:

• FATHER

father, occupied with administrative and military commissions, placed Marianna in her childhood in the wealthy See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of the Conception for See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security and See also:

• EDUCATION

education . She made her profession as a Franciscan nun at sixteen or earlier, without any real vocation, and lived a routine See also:

• LIFE

life in that somewhat relaxed See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house until her twenty-fifth See also:

• YEAR

year, when she met See also:

• NOEL, RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894)

Noel Bouton . This See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, afterwards See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de Chamilly, and See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was one of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• OFFICERS

officers who came to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal to serve under the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• SCHOMBERG (originally SCHONBERG), FRIEDRICH HERMANN (Or FREDERIC ARMAND), DUKE OF (c. 1615—1690)

Schomberg, the re-organizer of the Portuguese See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . During the years 1665—1667 Chamilly spent much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in and about Beja, and probably became acquainted with the See also:

• ALCOFORADO, MARIANNA (1640-1723)

Alcoforado See also:

• FAMILY

family through Marianna's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, who was a soldier . See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

Custom then permitted religious to receive and entertain visitors, and Chamilly, aided by his military See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige and some flattery, found small difficulty in betraying the trustful nun . Before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long their intrigue became known and caused a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, and to avoid the consequences Chamilly deserted Marianna and withdrew clandestinely to France . The letters to her See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover which have earned her renown in literature were written between See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1667 and See also:

• JUNE

June 1668, and they described the successive stages of faith, doubt and despair through which she passed . As a piece of unconscious psychological self-See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, they are unsurpassed; as a product of the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart they are unrivalled . These five See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short letters written by Marianna to " expostulate her See also:

• DESERTION

desertion " See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one of the few documents of extreme human experience, and reveal a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion which in the course of two centuries has lost nothing of its See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . Perhaps their dominant See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note is reality, and, sad See also:

• READING

reading as they are from the moral standpoint, their See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute candour, exquisite tenderness and entire self-See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment have excited the wonder and admiration of great men and See also:

• WOMEN

women in every See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, from Madame de See also:

• SEVIGNE, MARIE DE

Sevigne to W . E .

See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone . There are signs in the fifth See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter that Marianna had begun to conquer her passion, and after a life of rigid See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance, accompanied by much suffering, she died at the age of eighty-three . The letters came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Guilleragues, director of the See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette de France, who turned them into French, and they were published anonymously in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1669 . A See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne edition of the same year stated , that Chamilly was their addressee, which is confirmed by St See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon and See also:

• DUCLOS, CHARLES PINOT (1704–1772)

Duclos, but the name of their authoress remained undivulged . In 181o, however, Boissonade discovered Marianna's name written in a copy of the first edition by a contemporary See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the veracity of this ascription has been placed beyond doubt by the See also:

• RECENT

recent investigations of Luciano Cordeiro, who found a tradition in Beja connecting the French captain and the Portuguese nun . The letters created a sensation on their first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, See also:

• RUNNING

running through five See also:

• EDITIONS

editions in a year, and, to exploit their popularity, second parts, replies and new replies were issued from the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press in See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . Notwithstanding that the Portuguese See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of the five letters is lost, their genuineness. is as patent as the spuriousness of their followers, and though See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau was ready to See also:

• WAGER (derived, through Fr. wagier, gagier, from Lat. vadiunz, a pledge)

wager they were written by a man, the principal critics of Portugal and France have decided against him . It is now generally recognized that the letters are a verbatim See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from the Portuguese . The See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign bibliography of the Letters, containing almost one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, will be found in Cordeiro's admirable study, Soros Marianna, A Friera Portuguese, 2nd ed . (See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, 1891) . Besides the French editions, versions exist in Dutch, Danish, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German; and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English bibliography is given by See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar Prestage in his translation The Letters of a Portuguese Nun (Marianna Alcoforado), 3rd ed . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903) .

The French See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the editio princeps was printed in the first edition (1893) of this See also:

• BOOK

book . See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• GOSSE, EDMUND (1849– )
• GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY (1810–r888)

Gosse in the Fortnightly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, vol. xlix . (old See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series) p . 5o6, shows the considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence exercised by the Letters on the sentimental literature of France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . (E .