ALDER  , a genus of See also:

• PLANTS

plants (Alnus) belonging to the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Betulaceae, the best-known of which is the See also:

• COMMON

common alder (A. glutinosa) . The genus comprises a few See also:

• SPECIES

species of shrubs_ or trees, seldom reaching a large See also:

• SIZE

size, distributed through the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, and in the New See also:

• WORLD

World passing along the See also:

• ANDES

Andes southwards to See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile . The See also:

• BRITISH

British species A. glutinosa is confined to the Old World . This See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree thrives best in moist soils, has a shrubby See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and grows under favourable circumstances to a height of 40 or 50 ft . It is characterized by its See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-stalked roundish leaves, becoming See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge-shaped at the See also:

• BASE

base and with a slightly toothed margin . When See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young they are somewhat glutinous, whence the specific name, becoming later a dark See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green . As with other plants growing near See also:

• WATER

water it keeps its leaves longer than do trees in drier situations, and the glossy green foliage lasting after other trees have put on the red or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown of autumn renders it valuable for landscape effect . The stout cylindrical male' catkins are pendulous, red-dish in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and 2 to 4 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long; the See also:

• FEMALE

female are smaller, less than an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in length and reddish-brown in colour, suggesting young See also:

• FIR

fir-cones . When the small winged fruits have been scattered the ripe, woody, blackish cones remain, often lasting through the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The alder is readily propagated by seeds, but throws up See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root-suckers abundantly . It is important as See also:

• COPPICE, or COPSE (from an O. Fr. copeis or coupeis, from Late Lat. colpare, to cut with a blow; colpas, the Late Lat. for "blow," is a shortened form of colapus or colaphus, adapted from the Gr. ,co)

coppice-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood on marshy ground . The wood is soft, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white when first cut and turning to See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale red; the knots are beautifully mottled .

Under water the wood is very durable, and it is there-fore used for piles . The supports of the Rialto at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, and many buildings at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, are of alder-wood . See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

Furniture is sometimes made from the wood, and it supplies excellent See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal for See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder . The bark is astringent; it is used for tanning and See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing . ALDER-See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

FLY, the name given to neuropterous See also:

• INSECTS

insects of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Sialidae, related to the See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-lions, with long filamentous antennae and four large wings, of which the anterior pair is rather longer than the posterior . The See also:

• FEMALES

females See also:

• LAY

lay a vast number of eggs upon grass stems near water . The larvae are aquatic,active, armed with strong See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp mandibles, and breathe by means of seven pairs of abdominal branchial filaments . When full-sized they leave the water and spend a quiescent pupal See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage on the See also:

• LAND

land before See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis into the sexually mature See also:

• INSECT

insect . Sialis lutaria is a well-known British example . In See also:

• AMERICA

America there are two genera, Corydalis and Chauliodes, which are remarkable for their relatively gigantic size and for the immense length and sabre-like shape of the mandibles .