See also:

• ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the comparative degree of the adjective eald, old, and man)

ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative degree of the See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective eald, old, and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man)  , a See also:

• TERM

term implying the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank or dignity, and, in See also:

• MODERN

modern times, applied to an office-See also:

• BEARER

bearer in the municipal corporations and See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county councilsofEngland and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and in the municipal corporations of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and the See also:

• UNITED

United States . Among the Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, earls, See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors of provinces and other persons of distinction received this See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . Thus we read of the aldermannus totius Angliae; who seems to have corresponded to the officer afterwards styled capitalis justiciarius Angliae, or See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief-See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; the aldermannus regis, probably an occasional See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate, answering to the modern justice of See also:

• ASSIZE

assize, or perhaps an officer whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty it was to prosecute for the See also:

• CROWN

crown; and aldermannus comitatus, a magistrate with a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle rank between what was afterwards called the See also:

• EARL

earl and the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff, who sat at the trial of causes with the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and declared the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, while the bishop proceeded according to ecclesiastical law . Besides these, we meet with the titles of ,aldermannus civitatia, burgi, See also:

• CASTELLI, IGNAZ FRANZ (1781—1862)

castelli, hwndredi sive wapentachii, &c . In England, before the passing of the Municipal Corporations See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, their functions varied according to the charters of the different boroughs . By the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and other acts, consoli-F dated by the Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, the aldermen are elected by the ,councillors for six years, one-See also:

• HALF

half going out every three years . The number of councillors in each See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough varies according to its magnitude . One-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of the municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council consists of aldermen and three-fourths of councillors . In the counties,. too, the number of aldermen is one-third of the number: of councillors, except in See also:

• LONDON

London, where it is one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth . In the municipal corporations of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland there is .no such title as See also:

• ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the comparative degree of the adjective eald, old, and man)

alderman, the office-bearers of corresponding rank there being termed baffles . The See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London was not included in the Borough Reform Act, and the antiquated See also:

• SYSTEM

system remains there in full force . The See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of aldermen consists; of twenty-six, twenty-five of whom are elected for See also:

• LIFE

life by the See also:

• FREE

free-men of the respective wards, who return two persons, one of whom the court of aldermen elect to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the vacancyi The city is divided into twenty-six wards; twenty-four of these: send up one alderman each, the other two combine to choose a twenty-fifth .

The twenty-sixth alderman serves for the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent borough of See also:

• SOUTHWARK

Southwark (q.v.) and is appointed by the other aldermen, who generally select the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior from among themselves when a vacancy occurs . The See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor is. elected from such of the aldermen as have served the office of sheriff; of these the Common See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, which consists of the freemen of the different wards, select two, and the aldermen elect one of these to the mayoralty . The court of aldermen has the: See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power ofappointment to certain offices, exercises judicial functions in regard.to licensing and in disputes connected with the See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, has some power of disposal over the city See also:

• CASH

cash and possesses magisterial See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the city, each alderman being a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and magistrate for the whole city, and by virtue of his office exercising the functions of a justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The aldermen are members of the court of common council, the legislative See also:

• BODY

body of the corporation, which consists in all of 232 members, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being elected• annually by the freemen . In the United States aldermen See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form as a See also:

• RULE

rule a legislative rather than a judicial body, although in some cities they hold courts and possess very considerable magisterial See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers .