See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER (1461-1506)  , See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lithuania, See also:

• FOURTH

fourth son of Casimir IV., king of Poland, was elected grand-duke of Lithuania on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father in 1492, and king of Poland on the death of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert in 1501 . His extreme impecuniosity made him from the first subservient to the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and nobles (szlachta), who deprived him of the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint—then one of the most lucrative See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of the Polish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings—curtailed his See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative, and generally endeavoured to reduce him to a subordinate position . This See also:

• ILL

ill-timed See also:

• PARSIMONY, LAW OF (Lat. parsimonia, from parcere, to save)

parsimony reacted injuriously upon Polish politics . Thus, for want of funds, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander was unable to assist the Grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

Sword against See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite aggression, or prevent See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan III. from ravaging Lithuania with the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars . The utmost the king could do was to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk and other fortresses and employ his wife See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena, the tsar's daughter, to mediate a truce between his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and himself . During his reign Poland suffered much humiliation from the attempts of her subject principalities, See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia, to throw off her yoke . Only the death of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HOSPODAR

hospodar of Moldavia, enabled Poland still to hold her own on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube; while the liberality of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II., who issued no fewer than 29 bulls in favour of Poland and granted Alexander See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's Pence and other See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial help, enabled the Polish king to restrain somewhat the arrogance of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Order . In Alexander the characteristic virtues of the Jagiellos, See also:

• PATIENCE

patience and generosity, degenerated into slothfulness and extravagance . Frequently he was too poor to pay the expenses of his own table . But he never See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in Poland, and bestowed his favour principallyupon his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen, the most notable of whom was the wealthy Lithuanian See also:

• MAGNATE (Late Lat. magnas, a great man)

magnate See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Glinsky, who justified his master's confidence by his great victory over the Tatars at Kleck (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 5, 1506), the See also:

• NEWS

news of which was brought to Alexander on his deathbed . See V . See also:

• CZERNY, KARL (1791–1857)

Czerny, The Reigns of John Albert and Alexander Jagiello (Pol.) (See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, 1882) .