See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF See also:

• BATTENBERG

BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)  , first See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, was the second son of Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse and the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine by his morganatic See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Julia, countess von Hauke . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of princess of See also:

• BATTENBERG

Battenberg, derived from an old See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Hesse, was conferred, with the prefix Durchlaucht or " Serene See also:

• HIGHNESS

Highness," on the countess and her descendants in 1858 . Prince Alexander, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1857, was See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar Alexander II., who had married a See also:

• SISTER

sister of Prince Alexander of Hesse; his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a daughter of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz von Hauke, had been See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady-in-waiting to the tsaritsa . In his boyhood and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early youth he was frequently at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, and he accompanied his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, who was much attached to him, during the Bulgarian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1877 . When Bulgaria under the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Treaty was constituted an autonomous principality under the See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, the tsar recommended his nephew to the Bulgarians as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the newly created See also:

• THRONE

throne, and Prince Alexander was elected prince of Bulgaria by unanimous See also:

• VOTE

vote of the Grand Sobranye (April 29, 1879) . He was at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time serving as a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in the Prussian See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards at See also:

• POTSDAM

Potsdam . Before proceeding to Bulgaria, Prince Alexander paid visits to the tsar at Livadia, to the courts of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and to the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan; he was then conveyed on a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian warship to See also:

• VARNA

Varna, and after taking the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to the new constitution at Tirnova (See also:

• JULY

July 8, 1879) he repaired to See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia, being everywhere greeted with immense See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . (For the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history of Prince Alexander's reign, see BuDGARIA.) Without any previous training in the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young prince from the outset found himself confronted with difficulties which would have tried the sagacity of an experienced ruler . On the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand he was exposed to numberless humiliations on the See also:

• PART

part of the representatives of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, who made it clear to him that he was expected to See also:

• PLAY

play the part of a roi faineant; on the other he was compelled to make terms with the Bulgarian politicians, who, intoxicated with newly won See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, prosecuted their quarrels with a crude violence which threatened to subvert his authority and to plunge the nation in anarchy . After attempting to govern under these conditions for nearly two years, the prince, with the consent of the tsar Alexander III., assumed See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power (May 9, 1881), and a suspension of the ultra-democratic constitution for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of seven years was voted by a specially convened See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly (July 13) . The experiment, however, proved unsuccessful; the Bulgarian Liberal and See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical politicians were infuriated, and the real power See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of two Russian generals, Sobolev and Kaulbars, who had been specially despatched from St Petersburg . The prince, after vainly endeavouring to obtain the recall of the generals, restored the constitution with the concurrence of all the Bulgarian political parties (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 18, 1883) .

A serious See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with Russia followed, which was widened by the part which the prince subsequently played in encouraging the See also:

• NATIONAL

national aspirations of the Bulgarians . The revolution of See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis (September 18, 1885), which brought about the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Eastern See also:

• RUMELIA, or ROUMELIA (Turkish Rumili, " the land of the Romans," i.e. the East Roman or Byzantine empire)

Rumelia with Bulgaria, was carried out with his consent, and he at once assumed the government of the revolted See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . In the anxious See also:

• YEAR

year which followed, the prince gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of considerable military and See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability . He rallied the Bulgarian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, now deprived of its Russian See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, to resist the Servian invasion, and after a brilliant victory at Slivnitza (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 19) pursued See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan into Servian territory as far as See also:

• PIROT (Turkish Shehr-Kcey)

Pirot, which he captured (November 27) . Although See also:

• SERVIA

Servia was protected from the consequences of defeat by the intervention of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, Prince Alexander's success sealed the union with Eastern Rumelia, and after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long negotiations he was nominated See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of that province for five years by the sultan (April 5, 1886) . This arrangement, however, cost him much of his popularity in Bulgaria, while discontent prevailed among a certain number of his officers, who considered themselves slighted in the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of rewards at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the campaign . A military See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy was formed, and on the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August the prince was seized in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Sofia, and compelled to sign his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication; he was then hurried to the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube at Rakhovo, transported on his yacht to Reni, and handed over to Russian authorities, by whom he was allowed to proceed to See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg . He soon, how-ever, returned to Bulgaria, owing to the success of the See also:

• COUNTER

counter-revolution led by Stamboloff, which overthrew the provisional government set up by the Russian party at Sofia . But his position had become untenable, partly owing to an See also:

• ILL

ill-considered telegram which he addressed to the tsar on his return; partly in consequence of the attitude of Prince See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck, who, in See also:

• CON

con-junction with the Russian and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian governments, forbade him to punish the leaders of the military conspiracy . He therefore issued a manifesto resigning the throne, and See also:

• LEFT

left Bulgaria on the 8th of September 1886 . He now retired into private life . A few years later he married Fraulein Loisinger, an actress, and assumed the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of Count Hartenau (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 6, 1889) .

The last years of his life were spent principally 1 . 18at Gratz, where he held a See also:

• LOCAL

local command in the Austrian army . Here, after a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short illness, he died on the 23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1893 . His remains were brought to Sofia, where they received a public funeral, and were eventually deposited in a See also:

• MAUSOLEUM

mausoleum erected in his memory . Prince Alexander possessed much See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and amiability of manner; he was tall, dignified and strikingly handsome . His capabilities as a soldier have been generally recognized by competent authorities . As a ruler he committed some errors, but his youth and inexperience and the extreme difficulty of his position must be taken into See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . He was not without aptitude for See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, and his intuitive insight and See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character sometimes enabled him to outwit the crafty politicians by whom he was surrounded . His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault was a want of tenacity and See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution; his tendency to unguarded See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language undoubtedly increased the number of his enemies . See Drandar, Le Prince See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre de Battenberg en Bulgarie (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1884) ; See also:

• KOCH
• KOCH, ROBERT (1843–1910)

Koch, See also:

• FURST, JULIUS (1805-1873)

Furst Alexander von Bulgarien (See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, 1887) ; Matveyev, Bulgarien nach dem Berliner See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress (Petersburg, 1887) ; See also:

• BOURCHIER, ARTHUR (1864- )
• BOURCHIER, THOMAS (c. 1404-1486)

Bourchier, " Prince Alexander of Battenberg," in Fortnightly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• JANUARY

January 1894 . (J . D .