See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

ALGERIA (Algerie)  , a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa belonging to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, bounded N. by the Mediterranean, W. by See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, S. by the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara and E. by See also:

• TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis)

Tunisia . The boundaries, however, are in See also:

• PART

part not accurately determined . See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria extends for about 65o m. along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and stretches inland from 320 to 38o m., lying between 2° to' W. and 8° 5o' E., and 32° and 37° N . It is divided, politically, into three departments,—See also:

• ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

Oran in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers in the centre and See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 184,474 sq. m., exclusive of the dependent Saharan regions, which have an area of some 750,000- sq. m . (see SAHARA, See also:

• TUAT

TUAT, &C.) . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Algerian coast is severe and inhospitable . The western See also:

• HALF

half is bordered by a hilly rampart, broken only here and there, in the bays where the larger streams find their outlet, by fiat and sandy plains . Between Dellys and See also:

• PHILIPPEVILLE

Philippeville high mountains rise almost sheer fromthe See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, leaving only a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• BEACH

beach . East of Philippeville the mountains recede from the coast, and the rampart of hills reappears . Only between See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

Bona and La Calle is the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general character of the sea-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and sandy . See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save near the towns and in the cultivated See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Kabylia, the coast is See also:

• BARE

bare and uninhabited; and in spite of numerous indentations, of which the most important going from west to east are the Gulf of Oran, the Gulf of Arzeu, the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Algiers, and the gulfs of See also:

• BOUGIE

Bougie, Stora and Bona, there are few See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harbours .

From See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial, indeed, this coast has had an evil reputation among mariners, quite apart from the pirates who for centuries made it the See also:

• BASE

base of their depredations . A violent current, starting from the Straits of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar., rushes eastward along the See also:

• SHORE

shore, and, hurled back from the headlands, is deflected to the west . In summer the east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind brings dense and sudden fogs; while in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter the northerly See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow straight into the mouths of the harbours . In these circumstances See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation is especially perilous for sailing See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . The terrors of this " See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage sea and inhospitable shore," once described by See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, have, however, been greatly mitigated by the introduction of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, the improvement of the harbours, and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of an excellent See also:

• SYSTEM

system of lighthouses . Southward from the sea the country falls naturally into three divisions, clearly distinguished by their broad physical characteristics . The healthy, and on the whole fertile coast region, from 50 to 100 M. in width, is known, as in Morocco and Tunisia. as the Tell (Arabic for " See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill ") . It is a mountainous country intersected with rocky canons and fertile valleys, which occasion-ally broaden out into alluvial plains like that of the Shelif, or the Metija near Algiers, or those in the neighbourhood of Oran and Bona . Behind the Tell is a lofty table-See also:

• LAND

land with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 3000 ft., consisting of vast plains, for the most part arid or covered with See also:

• ESPARTO, or SPANISH GRASS

esparto grass, in the depressions of which are See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt lakes and swamps (Arabic, shats) fed by streams which can find no outlet to the sea through the encircling hills . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south this region is divided by the Great See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas from the deserts of the Sahara, with its oases, in which the boundary of Algeria is lost . The country is traversed by lofty ranges of the Atlas system, which run nearly parallel to the coast, and rise in places over 7000 ft . These are commonly divided into two leading chains, distinguished as the Great' and Little Atlas .

The Great, or Saharan Atlas contains some of the highest points in the country . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief ranges are Ksur and See also:

• AMUR
• AMUR (known also as the Sakhalin-ula)

Amur in the west and the Aures in the east . The See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Shellia, the highest point in Algeria, in the Aures range, has. a height of 7611 ft . In the Amur are See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Ksel (6594 ft.) and Tuila Makna (6561 ft.) . The Little Atlas, otherwise the Tell or Maritime Atlas, lies between the sea and the Saharan Atlas, and is composed of many distinct ranges, generally of no great elevation and connected by numerous transverse chains forming extensive table-lands and elevated valleys . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ranges of the Little Atlas—from west to east—are the See also:

• TLEMCEN

Tlemcen (5500 ft.); the Warsenis (with See also:

• KEF

Kef Sidi See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar, 65oo ft.) ; the Titeri (4900 ft.) ; the Jurjura, with the peak of Lalla Kedija (7542 ft.) and See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Babor (6447 ft.); and the Mejerda (3700 ft.), which extends into Tunisia . The Jurjura range, forming the background of the plains between Algiers and Bougie, extends through the district of Kabylia, with which for grandeur of scenery no other part of Algeria can compare . South of the Jurjura and separated from it by the valley of the See also:

• SAHEL

Sahel, is the Biban range with a famous See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double pass of the same name, through which alone See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access is gained to the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands beyond . The Bibans or Portes de fer (See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

Gates) consist of two defiles with stupendous walls of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, which by erosion have assumed the most fantastic shapes . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Petite See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte the walls in some places are not more than twelve feet apart . The Dahra range (see See also:

• MOSTAGANEM

MOSTAGANEM) overlooks the sea, and is separated from the Warsenis by the valley of the Shelif (see ATLAS MOUNTAINS, SAHARA and TUAT) . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are numerous but the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority are See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short .

Most 1 The name " Great " Atlas is more correctly applied to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range in Morocco . See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles o to 20 40 Go 8o too Zoo See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways <" Principal routes_..- , See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long.W.of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich, o° See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude East of Greenwich B ti ' 1~ y See also:

• A4(Z)

a4`1 ,e 1 Q' a See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

CROP, [ATM.al .. Krlibia a C.Mastnphe -bu-Zalla See also:

• UREA, or CARBAMIDE, CO(NH2)2

urea a See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal a mmaamlat Cu/%of Rammamet Fnatlavill< 3e Lus Kaba ,Keriat I . as,5lta satam See also:

• RAS

Ras Kapada See also:

• BANANA

banana See also:

• KUCHA

Kucha Kerkenna ls . ,, dCherha See also:

• HEN

hen alga ^ts Kna1s Is mad Gulf of See also:

• GABES

Gabes (Syrt9 See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor) 2 Gabes sut Jer6a I . of ._ Ras Marmor Zarzis ehkha M /l ha See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan s A(ir See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery 9:ra.lYcr SC . of them rise in the mountains near the coast, and See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush down through deep and rocky channels . During the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season they render communication between different parts of the country extremely difficult . The most important See also:

• RIVER

river, both from its length and See also:

• VOLUME

volume, is the Shelif . It rises on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern slopes of the Amur mountains and flows N.E. across the high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, piercing the little Atlas between the Warsenis and Titeri ranges . It then turns W. and reaches the Mediterranean at the eastern end of the Gulf of Arzeu . The Shelif, which has many tributaries, is about 430 M. long .

The Seybuse (about 150 M. long), formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of several small streams in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Constantine, runs through a fertile valley and reaches the Mediterranean near Bona . The Sahel (about roo m. long), which contains the greatest See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• WATER

water after the Shelif, rises in the department of Algiers near See also:

• AUMALE
• AUMALE, HENRI EUGENE PHILIPPE LOUIS

Aumale, and flows for the most part N.E. to its mouth near Bougie . The Kebir or Rummel—the river is known by both names—is formed by the union of several small streams south of Constantine, and flows past that See also:

• TOWN

town N.W . 140 M. to the sea . Among the less important rivers which empty into the Mediterranean are the Macta, the Tafna, the Harrach and the Mazafran . The Macta, but 3 M. long, enters the sea in the Gulf of Arzeu, some 25 M . W. of the mouth of the Shelif . It is formed by the Habra (140 M.) and the Sig (130 m.), which rise in the Amur mountains and flowing north unite in a marshy See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, whence issues the Macta . On the See also:

• LOWER

lower courses of the Habra and the Sig, barrages have been built for See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation purposes . The Habra barrage holds 38,000,000 cubic metres; that on the Sig 18,000,000 . The Tafna (about Too m.) rises in a large cavern in the mountains south of Tlemcen and flows N.E. to the sea at Rachgun . It has many affluents; the largest, the Isser (70 m.), joins it on the east See also:

• BANK

bank about 30 M. above its mouth .

The Harrach (40 m.), a picturesque stream, enters the Mediterranean in the Bay of Algiers . The Mazafran (5o m.) crosses the plains S.W of Algiers, reaching the sea N. of Kolea . The Mejerda and its affluent the Mellegue, rivers of Tunisia (q.v.), have their rise in Algeria, in the mountainous country east of Constantine . None of these rivers is navigable . Besides these there are a number of streams in the interior, but they are usually dry except in the rainy season . Algeria abounds in extensive salt lakes and marshes . Of the lakes in the northern part of the country near the coast the principal are,—the Fezara, 14 m . S.W. of Bona ; Sebkha and El Melah, south of Oran; and three small lakes in the immediate vicinity of La Calle . In the high plateaus are the Shat-el-Gharbi or Western Shat, the Shat-el-Shergui or Eastern Shat, the Zarhez-Gharbi and the Zarhez-Shergui, the Shat-el-Hodna and a number _ of others . South of the Jebel Aures is another See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of salt lakes closely connected with the Shat-el-Jerid (of Tunisia) . The chief of these is the Shat Melrir . There are a number of warm See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs, containing principally salts of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, used with success by both See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and Europeans in several kinds of disease .

One of the most remarkable See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of springs is near Guelma, in the department of Constantine . There are two principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources . Their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters unite in one stream whose course is marked by gigantic See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone cones, some of which are 36 ft. high . The water, which is at boiling point, falls into natural basins of a creamy See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, formed by the See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of carbonate of lime . The springs are known to the Arabs as Hammam Meskutin (the " accursed See also:

• BATHS

baths ") . The name and the cones are accounted for by a See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend which represents that at this spot lived a See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh who, finding his See also:

• SISTER

sister too beautiful to be married to anyone else, determined to espouse her himself . Whilst the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage festivities were being celebrated the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven descended on the guilty pair; See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire came from below; the water became hot and the sheikh and his sister were turned into See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . Within a mile of Hammam Meskutin are ferruginous and sulphureous springs . [See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The geology of Algeria has been worked out in considerable detail by French geologists . Rocks of Archean and Palaeozoic ages contribute only a small See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, but there is a very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete sequence of formations from the See also:

• LIAS

Lias to those of See also:

• RECENT

recent date . An interesting and orderly petrological sequence of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary igneous rocks has been determined . Archean rocks See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the cores of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient crystalline masses within the littoral See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone from Algiers to Bona .

They consist of See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, See also:

• MICA

mica-schist, quartzites, crystalline limestones and conglomerates . See also:

• PRIMARY

Primary deposits are doubtfully represented by the detached fragments of unfossiliferous strata of Traras, See also:

• BLIDA

Blida and east of Orleansville . Carboniferous and See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian strata are possibly represented by some See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey micaceous shales with beds of See also:

• COAL

coal in the Jurjura . At Jebel-kahar and west of Traras, Pomel attributes certain conglomerates, red sandstones and See also:

• PURPLE

purple and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green shales to the Permian . The rocks of Secondary and Tertiary ages have been profoundly affected by the Alpine movements, and are thrown into a series of complex folds, so that in numerous instances their stratigraphy is imperfectly understood . The gypsiferous and saliferous marls of Shellata, Suk Ahras and See also:

• AIN

Ain Nussi have yielded Triassic fossils . Triassic rocks are considered to be See also:

• PRESENT

present in Constantine and in the Jurjura . See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic beds (Infra Lias), consisting of See also:

• DOLOMITES, THE

dolomites and siliceous limestones, have been recognized at Saida . The lower and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle divisions of the See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic, composed of massive limestones more or less siliceous and overlain by the marls amd highly fossiliferous limestones of the Upper Lias, See also:

• PLAY

play an important part in the constitution of the chief mountains of the Tell . In south Oran they determine the principal axes of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges . The Inferior Cretaceous rocks include the Neocomian and See also:

• GAULT

Gault (See also:

• ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from Alba = Aube in France)

Albian and See also:

• APTIAN (Fr. Aptien, from Apt in Vaucluse, France)

Aptian) subdivisions, and form the flanks of the mountains in the Tell . In the south the Albian subdivision of the Gault is alone represented .

Rocks of Upper Cretaceous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age are represented in all their stages . The Cenomanian presents two distinct facies . North of the Atlas it belongs to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European type, in the south it contains a See also:

• FAUNA

fauna of oysters and sea-urchins belonging to the facies " africano-syrian " of See also:

• ZITTEL, KARL ALFRED VON (1839–1904)

Zittel . There is a continuous transition between the Senonian and Danian, proving that the Algerian region did not participate in the See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion which occurred in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence and in the Corbieres of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern France during the Danian See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . The Lower See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene rocks contain the chief phosphatic deposits of Algeria, those of the See also:

• TEBESSA (the Roman Theveste)

Tebessa region being the best known . Certain See also:

• SPECIES

species of nummulites, which are very See also:

• COMMON

common, distinguish the various subdivisions of the Eocene . The highest beds, consisting of quartzites, shales, marls and sandstones with the remains of fucoids, are found in the Jurjura and Shellata . The Oligocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period consists of a marine phase confined to the littoral zone of Kabylia, and of a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental phase occupying vast areas composed of lacustrine, alluvial, gypsiferous marls, sandstones and conglomerates . The See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene formation obtains its greatest development in Oran and is much See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded in the Tell . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Lower Miocene period (beds with Ostrea crassissima) great modifications in the See also:

• RELIEF

relief and limits of the Algerian formations took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Hitherto marine conditions were confined to the littoral; in Middle Miocene times (Helvetian) the sea See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke in and spread in a south-east direction in the form bf long ramified fjords but did not extend as far as the Sahara . To the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene period the marine deposits of the Sahel of Algiers and of the Sahel Jijelli must be attributed; also the lacustrine marls and limestone of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of Constantine, and the ancient alluviums of the basins and depressions which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear no relation to the existing valleys .

Among the Tertiary volcanic rocks those of See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid types (granites, granulites) were the first to appear and are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed latitudinally; rocks of intermediate type (dacites, andesites) characterize the Miocene and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Pliocene periods; while the basic rocks (See also:

• OPHITES, or OPIMMANS (Gr. oOrs, Heb. r , " snake ")

ophites, elaeolite syenites and basalts) attained their maximum in later Pliocene and See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary times . Their development, feeble as compared with the acid rocks, is meridional . The Quaternary period includes an older See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage containing fragments of fossils from the underlying formations; a later stage containing the bones of See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

Hippopotamus, Elephas, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

Rhinoceros, Camelus, Equus; and finally the vast accumulations of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand which began to be formed in prehistorictimes . The broad platforms of the hamada are covered with Quaternary deposits . (W . G.*)] See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Although Algeria enjoys a warm climate, the temperature varies considerably in different parts, according to the elevation and configuration of the country . Along the coast the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is very mild, the thermometer rarely falling to freezing-point even in winter . The coldest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month is See also:

• JANUARY

January, the hottest See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature in the coast plains is 66° F . Heavy rains prevail from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, and See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain is not uncommon during other months also, excepting See also:

• JUNE

June, See also:

• JULY

July, August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, which are very hot and rainless . The average annual fall is 29 in . On the mountains and the high plateaus the winter is often very severe; See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow lies for six months on the higher peaks of the Kabyle mountains .

On the plateaus the temperature passes from one extreme to the other, and rain seldom falls . (For the climate of the Saharan region see SAHARA.) Throughout Algeria, especially in the summer, there is a great difference between See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and See also:

• NIGHT

night temperature, notably in the inland districts . Between May and September the See also:

• SIROCCO

sirocco, or hot wind of the See also:

• DESERT

desert, sweeps at intervals over the country, impregnating the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air with See also:

• FINE

fine sand; but in general, with the exception of the vicinity of the ma .shes, the climate is healthy . Its salubrity has been incre°.sed by the draining of many marshes in the neighbourhood of the larger towns . Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The fauna of Algeria resembles that of the Mediterranean system generally, though many animals once common to South See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and North Africa—such as the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, See also:

• PANTHER

panther, See also:

• HYENA

hyena and See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal—are now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in Europe . Lions, formerly plentiful, have disappeared, and leopards and panthers are rare; but jackals, hyenas and Algerian apes are not uncommon . See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild boars are found in the See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak forests, and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown bears in the uplands . In the south are various species of ante-lope and wild See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat . Red See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus), which differ from the typical European species only in the fact that the second tine is absent from their antlers, a peculiarity which they share with the red deer of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, are still found in the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Beni Saleh in the department of Constantine, but are being exterminated by forest fires and poaching Arabs . Of domestic animals the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are the most important . The chief See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the Arab tribes of the plateaus consists in their immense flocks of sheep . The horses and mules of Algeria are noted; and the native See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are an excellent stock on which to See also:

• GRAFT (a modified form of the earlier " grail," through the French from the Late Lat. graphium, a stylus or pencil)

graft the better European varieties .

Of birds, eagles, vultures, See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks, owls and quails are common; See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, curlews, plovers, storks and herons frequent the marshy parts; and the See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich the desert . Partridges and woodcocks are fairly common . Among the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles are various species of serpents, tortoises, turtles, lizards, &c . Locusts are common and sometimes do great damage . Scorpions are numerous in the acrid regions . Algerian prawns, especially those of Bona, are large and of a delicate flavour . Of the twenty-one species of See also:

• FRESHWATER

freshwater See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, five are See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the country, but none is of much economic value save the See also:

• BARBEL (Barbus vulgaris)

barbel and See also:

• EEL

eel . A species of See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout is found in the streams near Collo, but in none of the other rivers . The flora of Algeria consists of about 3000 species, of which some 450 are indigenous to the country, See also:

• IOO

ioo being peculiar to the Sahara . The flora of the Tell is South European in character . The See also:

• AGAVE

agave and prickly See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, the See also:

• MYRTLE

myrtle, the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive and the See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm grow luxuriantly; and the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields are covered with See also:

• NARCISSUS

narcissus, See also:

• IRIS

iris and other See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of every See also:

• HUE

hue . See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses, geraniums, and the like, See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom throughout the winter .

The flora of the high plateaus consists chiefly of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, notably various kinds of alfa or esparto, and aromatic herbs . In the Saharan oases the characteristic See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is the date palm—" the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the desert." Over rr,000 sq. m. of the mountainous country near the coast are covered with forests of various species• of oak, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, See also:

• FIR

fir, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, See also:

• ELM

elm, ash, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, olive, many of them of gigantic See also:

• SIZE

size, and other trees; and on the slopes.of the mountains up to 3800 ft. above the sea the fig is common . Its See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit forms one of the See also:

• STAPLE

staple articles of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food among the See also:

• KABYLES, or KABAIL

Kabyles . See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork and carob trees are also very common . A magnificent conifer, the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic pinsapo (Abies Pinsapo), is found on the heights See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Bougie . The forests suffer great damage from fires, occasioned in part by the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of burning up the grass every autumn, and in part by See also:

• INCENDIARISM (Lat. incendere, to set on fire, burn)

incendiarism . In 1902 alone, according to the See also:

• BRITISH

British consular See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, " at a moderate estimate the number of trees damaged or destroyed might be put down at 6,000,000." Forestry is a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state-protected See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, the government owning over 500,000 acres of forest . The chief tree which has commercial value is the cork, and the stripping of the bark is under See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official supervision . The first cork See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest was gathered in 1890, when 1474 cwt. were sold for £1361 . Since that date the yield has been very great . Another tree of great commercial value is the See also:

• SOAP

soap tree (Sapindus utilis), introduced into the country in 1845 and grown extensively in low-lying lands near the coast . Inhabitants.-Algeria had in 1906 a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 5,231,850, consisting of a medley of European, Eastern and See also:

• AFRICAN

African races .

The See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census showed that in addition to French settlers and their descendants (278,976) there were 117,475 Spaniards (most of whom are found in the department of Oran), 33,153 Italians (chiefly in the department of Constantine), 64,645 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, 6217 Maltese, and smaller communities of British, Germans, Levan-tines and Greeks . There were, moreover, 170,444 naturalized French citizens, mainly of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian origin . (These figures are exclusive of 73,799 persons counted apart, as not enjoying municipal rights . In the 73,799 the troops, French and native, are included) . The See also:

• TOTAL

total European population, in which See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category are reckoned the Jews, other than those of Mzab, was 680,263 . Compared with the census of 1901 the figures of 1go6 showed a decrease of 14,000 French, 36,000 Spaniards and s000 Italians, but an increase of nearly 1oo,000 in the foreigners naturalized . Of other races: (1) The See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers (q.v.) constitute 75 % of the entire population . The Kabyles (q.v.), a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Berbers, occupy chiefly the more mountainous parts of the Tell, but some live in the plains and valleys . (2) Arabs, a numerous class, are found principally in the south . (3) The so-called " See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors," generally of mixed See also:

• BLOOD

blood, inhabit the towns and villages near the sea-coast . (4) Negroes, originally brought from the interior and sold as slaves, are now found chiefly in the towns, where they serve as labourers and domestic servants . (5) See also:

• MZABITES

Mzabites (q.v.) or Beni-Mzab, a distinct See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• BERBER

Berber See also:

• RACE

race, are for the most part engaged in See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and are distinguished by their sleeveless coats of many See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours .

(6) A few See also:

• TUAREG, or TAWAREK (more properly Tawarik, the collective form of tarki, from Arabic terek, to give up)

Tuareg (q.v.), another division of the Berbers, are among the nomads found in the Algerian Sahara . The Kabyles, Mzabites, Tuareg, Arabs and Moors all profess Mahommedanism, though it is only among the Arabs that its tenets are held in any purity . The census of 1906 gave the number of the native population at 4,447,149 . There were also 28,639 non-European foreigners in the country . The See also:

• TURKS

Turks, though for a considerable period the dominant race, were never very numerous in Algeria . The majority of them were repatriated by the French . The Kuluglis,descendants of Turks by native See also:

• WOMEN

women—once a distinct race noted for their See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, bravery and See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride—have almost ceased to exist as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• PEOPLE

people, being merged in the Moors . Jews have long been settled in Algeria . Some are supposed to have fled thither when expelled from See also:

• CYRENAICA

Cyrenaica in the reign of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian, and others on their banishment from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1342 . The purely " African " See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew is now found only in the oases in the extreme south of the country . In the towns the " native " Jews have intermarried with later arrivals from Europe . A remarkable feast is kept annually by the Algerian Jews to commemorate the defeat by the Turks of the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V.'s See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture Algiers (1541) .

The Jews, who enjoyed religious freedom under the Mahommedans, believed that the success of the Spaniards would but See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to their own persecution . Chief Towns.—The chief towns are Algiers, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and principal seaport, with a population (1906), including Mustapha and other suburbs, of 154,049; Oran (100,499),' a western The figures given are not those of the communes, but of the towns proper, certain classes of persons (such as troops, lunatics, convicts) excluded from the municipal See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise not being counted.seaport and capital of the department of the same name, and Constantine (46,806), an inland town, capital of the department of Constantine . Besides Algiers and Oran the principal seaports are Bona (36,004), Mostaganem (19,528), Philippeville (16,539), Bougie (10,419), See also:

• CHERCHEL

Cherchel (4733) and La Calle (2774) . Inland, besides Constantine, are the important towns of Tlemcen (24,060), Sidi-See also:

• BEL

bel-Abbes (24,494), See also:

• MASCARA

Mascara (18,989) and Blida (16,866) . In the Sahara are See also:

• BISKRA

Biskra (4218), El See also:

• WAD