See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

ALGIERS (Fr. See also:

• ALGER, RUSSELL ALEXANDER (1836-1907)

Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)  , See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, seat of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, of a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, and of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, and station of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French XIX. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps d'armee . It is situated on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of a See also:

• BAY

bay of the Mediterranean, to which it gives its name; in 36° 47' N., 3° 4' E., and is built on the slopes of the See also:

• SAHEL

Sahel, a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of hills parallel to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The view of the city from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea is one of See also:

• GREAT

great beauty . Seen from a distance it appears like a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of dazzling See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white terraces rising from the See also:

• WATER

water's edge . The houses being seemingly embowered in the luxuriant verdure of the Sahel, the effect is imposing and picturesque, and has given rise to the Arab comparison of the See also:

• TOWN

town to a See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond set in an See also:

• EMERALD

emerald See also:

• FRAME

frame . The city consists of two parts; the See also:

• MODERN

modern French town, built on the level ground by the seashore; and the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient city of the deys, which climbs the steep See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the kasbah or citadel, 400 ft. above the sea . The kasbah forms the See also:

• APEX

apex of a triangle of which the quays See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• BASE

base . Extending along the front of the town is the See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

boulevard de la Republique, a See also:

• FINE

fine road built by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, 4TH EARL OF (c. 1525-1581)
• MORTON, JOHN (c. 1420-1500)
• MORTON, JOHN MADDISON (1811-1891)
• MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824- )
• MORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877)
• MORTON, THOMAS (1564-1659)
• MORTON, THOMAS (c. 1590-1646)

Morton See also:

• PETO, SIR SAMUEL MORTON, BART

Peto on a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, with a frontage of 3700 ft., and bordered on one side by handsome buildings, whilst a wide See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade overlooking the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour runs along the other . Two inclined roads See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead from the centre of the boulevard to the See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay 40 ft. below . On the quay are the landing-stages, the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and the railway station . At the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end of the boulevard de la Republique is the square de la Republique, formerly the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place Bresson, in which is the municipal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre; at the other extremity of the boulevard is the place du Gouvernement, which is planted on three sides with a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• PLANE

plane trees and is the fashionable resort for evening promenade . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal streets of the city meet in the place du Gouvernement: the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue Bab Azoun (See also:

• GATE

Gate of Grief) which runs parallel to the boulevard de la Republique; the rue Bab-el-Oued (See also:

• RIVER

River Gate) which goes north to the site of the old See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal demolished in 1900; the rue de la Marine which leads to the ancient harbour, and in which are the two principal mosques .

A large See also:

• PART

part of the modern town lies See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the square de la Republique; in this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter are the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, hotel de ville, See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and other public buildings . The streets in the modern town are regularly laid out; several are arcaded on both sides . The old town presents a strong contrast to the new town . The streets are narrow,. tortuous and inaccessible to carriages . They often end in a cul-de-See also:

• SAC

sac . The principal See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street is the rue de la Kasbah, which leads up to the citadel by 497 steps . The streets are joined by alleys just wide enough to pass through . The houses, built of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and whitewashed, are square, substantial, fiat-topped buildings, presenting to the street See also:

• BARE

bare walls, with a few slits protected by See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron gratings in place of windows . Each house has a quadrangle in the centre, into which it looks, and which is entered by a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, narrow See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway . Shops in the native quarter are simply See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in the walls of the houses, and open at the front . In these shops the few Moorish See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are carried on, such as See also:

• EMBROIDERY (M.E. embrouderie, from O. Fr. embroder, Mod. Fr. broder)

embroidery in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, the making of kid slippers of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, the manufacture of gold and silver ornaments . To See also:

• EUROPEAN

European eyes the native city, with its See also:

• MOTLEY
• MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814–1897)

motley throng of See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and negroes, is the most interesting sight in See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers .

Various squares! are set apart for markets, and here are to be witnessed scenes of the greatest animation . The public buildings of See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INTEREST

interest are the kasbah, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices (formerly the See also:

• BRITISH

British consulate), the palaces of the governor-general and the archbishop—all these are fine Moorish houses; the " See also:

• GRAND

Grand " and the " New " Mosques, the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Philippe, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity (Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England), and the Bibliotheque Nationale d'See also:

• ALGER, RUSSELL ALEXANDER (1836-1907)

Alger—a See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace built in 1799-1800 . The kasbah was begun in 1516 on the site of an older See also:

• BUILDING

building, and served as the palace of the deys until the French See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . A road has been cut through the centre of the building, the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque turned into See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, and the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience allowed to fall into ruin . There still remain a See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret and some See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble arches and columns . Traces exist of the vaults in which were stored the treasures of the See also:

• DEY (an adaptation of the Turk. dai, a maternal uncle)

dey . The Grand Mosque (Jamaa-el-Kebir) is traditionally said to be the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest mosque in Algiers . The See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit (mimbar) bears an inscription showing that the building existed in ro18 . The minaret was built by See also:

• ABU

Abu Tachfin, See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• TLEMCEN

Tlemcen, in 1324 . The interior of the mosque is square and is divided into aisles by columns joined by Moorish arches . The principal See also:

• FACADE

facade, in the rue de la Marine, consists of a row of white marble columns supporting an See also:

• ARCADE

arcade . The New Mosque (Jamaa-el-Jedid), dating from the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, is in the form of a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CROSS

cross, surmounted by a large white See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola, with four small cupolas at the corners .

The minaret is 90 ft. high . The interior resembles that of the Grand Mosque . The church of the Holy Trinity (built in 187o) stands at the southern end of the rue d'See also:

• ISLY

Isly near the site of the demolished Fort Bab Azoun . The interior is richly decorated with various coloured See also:

• MARBLES

marbles . Many of these marbles contain memorial See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English residents (voluntary and involuntary) of Algiers from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• TIPTON

Tipton, British See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in I 580 . One tablet records that in 1631 two Algerine. pirate crews landed in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, sacked See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, and carried off its inhabitants to See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery; another recalls the romantic See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida M'Donnell, daughter of See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Ulric, consul-general of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, and wife of the British consul . When See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• EXMOUTH
• EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW, 1ST VISCOUNT (1757-1833)

Exmouth was about to See also:

• BOMBARD (derived through Med. Lat. and Fr. forms from Gr. (3oµ(3eiv, to make a humming noise)

bombard the city in 1816, the British consul was thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison and loaded with chains . Mrs . M'Donnell—who was but sixteen—escaped to the British See also:

• FLEET

fleet disguised as a See also:

• MIDSHIPMAN

midshipman, carrying a See also:

• BASKET

basket of vegetables in which her baby was hidden . (Mrs . M'Donnell subsequently married the duc de Talleyrand-See also:

• PERIGORD

Perigord and died at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence in 188o) . Among later residents commemorated is See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• LLOYD, EDWARD (1845— )
• LLOYD, WILLIAM (1627–1717)
• LLOYD, WILLIAM WATKISS (1813–1893)

Lloyd, who was the first See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to show the value of See also:

• ESPARTO, or SPANISH GRASS

esparto grass for the manufacture of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, and thus started an See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry which is one of the most important in Algeria .

The cathedral of St Philippe, built on the site of a mosque, is in the place Malakoff, next to the governor-general's palace . In its construction an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt has been made to produce a building suitable for See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship whilst the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture is Moorish in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The principal entrance, reached by a See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of 23 steps, is ornamented with a See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico supported by four See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-veined marble columns . The roof of the See also:

• NAVE

nave is of Moorish See also:

• PLASTER

plaster See also:

• WORK

work . It rests on a series of arcades supported by white marble columns . Several of these columns belonged to the former mosque . In one of the chapels is a See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb containing the bones of See also:

• SAN

San Geronimo . The finding of the remains of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint in 1853afforded striking See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of an incident recorded by a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine named Haedo, who published a See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of Algeria in 1612 . Haedo sets forth that a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Arab who had embraced See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and had been baptized with the name of Geronimo was captured by a Moorish See also:

• CORSAIR (through the Fr. from the Med. Lat. cursarius, a pirate; cursus, or cursa, from currere, to run, being Late Latin for a plundering foray)

corsair in 1569 and taken to Algiers . The Arabs endeavoured to induce Geronimo to renounce Christianity, but as he steadfastly refused to do so he was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death . See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

Bound See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and See also:

• FOOT

foot he was thrown alive into a See also:

• MOULD

mould in which a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete was about to be made . The block containing his See also:

• BODY

body was built into an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the Fort of the Twenty-four See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

Hours, then under construction .

In 1853 the Fort of the Twenty-four Hours was demolished, and in the angle specified by Haedo the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton of Geronimo was found . The bones were interred at St Philippe . Into the mould See also:

• LEFT

left by the saint's body liquid plaster of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris was run, and a perfect See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model obtained, showing the features of the youth, the cords which bound him, and even the texture of his dothing . This model is now in the museum at Mustapha (see below) . Algiers possesses a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college with See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and letters . The college buildings are large and hand-some . There is also a lycee in which the instruction is similar to that. given in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and in which Christians, Jews and Mahommedans are educated together . The museum (a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state institution), formerly housed in the same building as the library, was transferred in 1897 to a new building in the suburb of Mustapha Superieur . In the museum are some of the ancient sculptures and mosaics discovered in Algeria, together with medals and Algerian See also:

• MONEY

money . New buildings, to contain specimens of Moslem See also:

• ART

art, were added in 1903 . The See also:

• PORT

port of Algiers is sheltered from all winds . There are two harbours, both artificial—the old or See also:

• NORTHERN

northern harbour and the southern or Agha harbour .

The northern harbour covers an See also:

• AREA

area of 235 acres . The See also:

• DEPTH

depth at the entrance is 72 to Io8 ft., and in port from 36 to 66 ft . Two government dry docks are available for See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant vessels . The quays See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover 18,000 sq. yds . There are three jetties, north, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and south . Within this harbour is the small harbour of the deys, now transformed into a wet See also:

• DOCK

dock . An opening in the south See also:

• JETTY

jetty affords an entrance into Agha harbour, constructed in Agha Bay . This harbour is formed by the See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of a See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole, 2500 ft. in length, from the eastern jetty of the old harbour . It provides extensive quayage with a minimum depth of water of 28 ft . Agha harbour has also an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent entrance on its southern side . Algiers is the chief coaling station in the Mediterranean, having become so largely at the expense of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar . In other respects the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade resembles that of other Algerian ports .

(For trade See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics see ALGERIA.) The inner harbour was begun in 1518 by Khair-ed-Din (see See also:

• HISTORY

History, below), who, to accommodate his pirate vessels, caused the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island on which was Fort Penon to be connected with the mainland by a mole . The lighthouse which occupies the site of Fort Penon was built in 1544 . Work on the northern harbour was begun in 1836, on the southern in 1904 . AIgiers maintains communication with See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles by a See also:

• QUICK

quick service of steamers, which run the 497 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles across the Mediterranean in twenty-eight to See also:

• THIRTY

thirty hours . The See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey between Algiers and Paris, from which it is distant 1031 miles, is accomplished in about See also:

• FORTY

forty-five hours . Algiers was a walled city from the time of the deys until the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th century . The French, after their occupation of the city (183o), built a rampart, See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet and ditch, with two terminal forts, Bab Azoun to the south and Bab-el-Oued to the north . The forts and part of the ramparts were demolished at the beginning of the loth century, when a See also:

• LINE

line of forts occupying the heights of Bu Zarea (at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 1300 ft. above the sea) took their place . Owing to the mildness of its See also:

• CLIMATE

climate Algiers has become a favourite resort for those seeking to escape the rigours of a European See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The city is well supplied with water and its sanitary state is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good . The See also:

• MISTRAL
• MISTRAL, FREDERIC (183o– )

mistral of the See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera is entirely absent from Algiers, but in summer the city occasionally suffers from the See also:

• SIROCCO

sirocco or See also:

• DESERT

desert See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind . The environs of Algiers are noted for their beauty and healthiness .

Of the suburbs the most picturesque is Mustapha Superieur, about 2 M. from the centre of the city on the slopes of the hills to the south . Here are the summer palace of the governor-general, many fine Moorish and French villas and luxurious hotels, all surrounded by beautiful gardens . A numerous British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony resides at Mustapha, where there is an English See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club . Mustapha Inferieur is built on the See also:

• LOWER

lower slopes of the hills . Farther to the south is the large Jardin d'Essai, containing five avenues of palms, planes, bamboos and magnolias . Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame d'Afrique, a church built (1858-1872) in a mixture of the Roman and See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine styles, is conspicuously situated, overlooking the sea, on the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder of the Bu Zarea hills, 2 M. to the north of the city . Above the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar is a statue of the Virgin depicted as a black woman . The church also contains a solid silver statue of the See also:

• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK)
• ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSx)

archangel See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, belonging to the confraternity of Neapolitan fishermen . Beyond Notre-Dame d'Afrique is the beautiful Valley of the Consuls, very little changed since the time of the deys . (The valley was in those days the favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the consuls.) At the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Seminaire, on the site of the old French consulate, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• LAVIGERIE, CHARLES MARTIAL ALLEMAND (1825-1892)

Lavigerie died (1892) . In 1906 the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of Algiers was 154,049; the population municipale, which excludes the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, prisoners, &c., was 145,280 . Of this See also:

• TOTAL

total 138,240 were living in the city proper or in Mustapha .

Of the inhabitants 105,908 were Europeans . French residents numbered 50,996, naturalized French-men 23,305, Spaniards 12,354, Italians 7368, Maltese 865, and other Europeans (chiefly British and Germans) 1652, besides 12,490 Jews . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the population—all Mahommedans—are Moors, Arabs, See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers, Negroes, with a few See also:

• TURKS

Turks . The vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the Europeans are Roman Catholics . Most of the naturalized French citizens are of Spanish or See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian origin . History.—In Roman times a small town called Icosium existed on what is now the marine quarter of the city . The rue de la Marine follows the lines of a Roman street . Roman cemeteries existed near the rues Bab-el-Oued and Bab Azoun . Bishops of Icosium—which was created a Latin city by See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian —are mentioned as See also:

• LATE

late as the 5th century . The See also:

• PRESENT

present city was founded in 944 by Bulukkin b . Zeiri, the founder of the Zeirid-Sanhaja See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, which was overthrown by See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger II. of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily in 1148 (see See also:

• FATIMITES
• FATIMITES, or FATIMIDES

FATIMITES) . The Zeirids had before that date lost Algiers, which in 1159 was occupied by the See also:

• ALMOHADES (properly Muwahhadis, i.e. " Unitarians," the name being corrupted through the Spanish)

Almohades, and in the 13th century came under the dominion of the Abd-el-\Vahid, sultans of Tlemcen .

Nominally part of the sultanate of Tlemcen, Algiers had a large measure of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence under amirs of its own, See also:

• ORAN (Arabic Wahran, i.e. ravine)

Oran being the chief seaport of the Abd-el-Wahid . The islet in front of the harbour, subsequently known as the Penon, had been occupied by the Spaniards as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1302 . Thereafter a considerable trade See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up between Algiers and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Algiers, however, continued of comparatively little importance until after the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from Spain of the Moors, many of whom sought an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum in the city . In 1510, following their occupation of Oran and other towns on the coast of Africa, the Spaniards fortified the Penon . In 1516 the See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir of Algiers, See also:

• SELIM

Selim b . Teumi, invited the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Arouj and Khair-ed-Din (See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa) to expel the Spaniards . Arouj came to Algiers; caused Selim to be assassinated, and seized the town . Khaired-Dia, succeeding Arouj, drove the Spaniards from the Penon (1J30) and was the founder of the pashalik, afterwards deylik, of Algeria . Algiers from this time became the chief seat of the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary pirates . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1541 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. sought-to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture the city, but a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm destroyed a great number of his See also:

• SHIPS

ships, and his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of some 30,000, chiefly Spaniards, was defeated by the Algerians under their See also:

• PASHA

pasha, See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan . Repeated attempts were made by various European nations to subdue the pirates, and in 1816 the city was bombarded by a British See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron under Lord Exmouth, assisted by Dutch men-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and the corsair fleet burned .

The piracy of the Algerians was renewed and continued until 183o .