ALLOTMENTS AND SMALL HOLDINGS  . As the meaning of these terms in agricultural See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure varies in different localities, it may be as well to say at once that for the See also:

• PRESENT

present purpose they are definable as pieces of See also:

• LAND

land detached from cottages, and hired or owned by labouring men to supplement their See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main income . We do not include any See also:

• FARM

farm, however small, from which the occupier derives his entire support by dairying, See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-gardening, or other See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of la petite culture . So, also, no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is taken of the tiny See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot, used for growing vegetables for the table and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which is properly an appurtenance of the cottage . Clearing away what is extraneous, the essential point See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which much controversy has raged is the labourer's See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the land . The claim advanced depends upon tradition . In See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of all See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, a See also:

• CASH

cash See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment is not even now regarded as discharging the obligations between See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master and servant . Mr See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox, in See also:

• REPORTING

reporting to the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade on the earnings of agricultural labourers in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, gives, as a typical survival of an old See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a shepherd whose See also:

• TOTAL

total income was calculated at £6o a See also:

• YEAR

year, but who got only £16 in See also:

• MONEY

money, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest being made up by rights of grazing live-stock, growing crops on his master's land, and kindred privileges . That is exactly in the spirit that used to pervade agriculture, and doubtless had its origin in the manorial See also:

• SYSTEM

system . If we turn back to the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, from See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter of See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley's Husbandry it will be seen that practically there were only two classes engaged in agriculture, and corresponding with them were two kinds of land . There were, on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the employer, the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord, and his See also:

• DEMESNE (DEMESNE, DEMAIN, DOMAIN, &c.)

demesne land; on the other, the villeins and the land held in See also:

• VILLENAGE (VILLAINAGE, VILLANAGE, VILLEINAGE)

villenage . Putting aside for the moment any discussion of the exact degree of See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude, it will be seen that the essence of the bargain was that the villein should be permitted to cultivate a virgate of land for his own use in return for service rendered on the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home farm .

This is not altered by the fact that the conditions approached those of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, that the villeins were adscripti glebae, that in some cases their wives and sons were bequeathed by See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed to the service of religious houses, and that in many other respects their freedom was limited . Out of this, in the course of centuries, was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the system prevailing to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . See also:

• LAMMAS (0. Eng. hlammaesse, hlafmaesse, from hlaf, loaf, and maesse, mass, "loaf-mass")

Lammas lands are indeed a survival from it . There are in the valley of the See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea, and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to See also:

• LONDON

London, to take one example, lands allotted annually in little strips till the, crops are carried, when, the day being fixed by a See also:

• REEVE (O. E. gerefa)
• REEVE, CLARA (1729–1807)
• REEVE, HENRY (1813–1895)

reeve, the land becomes a See also:

• COMMON

common pasture till the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring closing takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place once more . Perhaps the feature of this old system that bears most directly on the question of allotments was the treatment of the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of the See also:

• MANOR

manor . The lord, like his tenants, was limited by custom as regards the number of beasts he could graze on it . After the havoc of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• DEATH

Death in 1349, many changes were necessitated by the scarcity and dearness of labour . It became less unusual for land to be let and for money payment to be accepted instead of services . There was a great demand for See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and to conduct See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-farming on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale necessitated a re-arrangement of the manor and the enclosure of many common See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields under the See also:

• STATUTE

statute of Merton and the statute of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster the Second . Nevertheless, up to the 18th century, a vast proportion of agricultural land was technically waste, on which rights of common were exercised by yeomen, some of whom had acquired holdings by the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary methods of See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase or See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, while others had merely squatted and built a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house on the waste . It is to this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period that belongs a certain injustice to which the peasantry were subject . No reasonable doubt can be entertained of the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of enclosure .

Husbandry, after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long stagnation, was making great advance; and among others, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young raised his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice against the clumsy inconvenient common fields that were the first to be enclosed . Between 1709 and 1797 no fewer than 3110 acts, affecting, as far as can be calculated, about 3,000,000 acres, were put into operation . They seem mostly to have been directed to the common fields . In the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th century the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement went on apace . In a single year, 18os, no fewer than 119 acts were passed; and between 18o1 and 1842 close on 2000 acts were passed—many of them expressly directed to the enclosure of wastes and See also:

• COMMONS

commons . The same thing continued till 1869 . It touched the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant directly and indirectly . The enclosure of the common fields proved most hurtful to the small See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer; the enclosure of the waste injured the labourer by depriving him, without adequate See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation, of such useful privileges as the right to graze a cow, a See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, geese or other small animals . It also discouraged him by tending to the extinction of small tenancies and freeholds that were no longer workable at a profit when common rights ceased to go with them . The industrious labourer could previously nourish a See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of bettering his See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition by obtaining a small holding . Yet though the labourer suffered, impartial study does not show any intentional injustice . He held a very weak position when those interested in a common affixed to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door a See also:

• NOTICE

notice that they intended to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition .

As Mr See also:

• COWPER, WILLIAM (1731-1800)
• COWPER, WILLIAM COWPER, 1ST EARL (c. 1665-1723)

Cowper (afterwards Lord See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple) said in the House of Commons on the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1844, " the course adopted had been to compensate the owner of the cottage to whom the common right belonged, forgetting the claims of the occupier by whom they were enjoyed "; and in the same debate See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel pointed out that not only the rights of the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant, but those of his successors ought to have been studied . The course adopted divorced the labourer from the See also:

• SOIL

soil . See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, had from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period recognized the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of contenting the peasant . In the 14th century the labourer lived in See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude abundance . Next century a rural See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus began, owing to the practice of enclosing the holdings and turning them into sheep walks . In 1487 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed enjoining landlords to " keep up houses of husbandry," and attach convenient land to them . Within the next See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years a number of similar attempts were made to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control what we may See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the sheep See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . Then we arrive at the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth and the famous Small Holdings Act passed in 1597—an anticipation of the three-acres-and-a-cow policy advocated towards the end of the 19th century . It required that no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person shall " build, convert or ordain any cottage for habitation or dwelling for persons engaged in husbandry" unless the owner " do assign or See also:

• LAY

lay to the same cottage or See also:

• BUILDING

building four acres of ground at the least." It also provided against any " inmate or under-sitter " being admitted to what was sacred to one See also:

• FAMILY

family . This measure was not conceived in the spirit of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, but it had the effect of staying the rural exodus . It was repealed in 1775 on the ground that it restricted the building of cottages . By that time the modern feeling in favour of allotments had begun to ripen, and it was contended that some compensation should be made to the labourers for depriving them of the advantages of the waste .

Up to then the See also:

• ENGLISH

English labouring rustic had been very well off . See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

Food was abundant and cheap, so were clothes and boots; he could graze his cow or pig on the common, and also obtain See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel from it . Now he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on evil days . Prices See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages fell, privileges were lost, and in many cases he had to sell the patch of land whose See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession made all the difference between hardship and comfort . All this was seen plainly enough both by statesmen and private philanthropists . One of the first experiments was described by Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SINCLAIR
• SINCLAIR, SIR JOHN, BART

Sinclair in a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note to the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of a select See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the House of Commons on waste lands in 1795 . About 1772 the lord of the manor of some commonable lands near See also:

• TEWKESBURY

Tewkesbury had with great success set out 25 acres in allotments for the use of some of the poor . Sir John was very much struck with the result, and so heartily applauded the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the committee recommended that any See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general enclosure See also:

• BILL

bill should have a clause in it providing for "the See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation of land." Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard and W . See also:

• WILBERFORCE, ROBERT ISAAC (1802-18J7)
• WILBERFORCE, SAMUEL (1805-1873)
• WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM (1759—1833)

Wilberforce took an active See also:

• PART

part in advocating the principle of allotments, on the ground, to summarize their See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language employed later by a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness before the House of Commons, that " it keeps the cottagers buoyant and makes them industrious." In 18o6, at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of the See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector, a clause assigning an See also:

• ALLOTMENT (from O. Fr. a and toter, to divide by lot)

allotment of half an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre to every cottage was inserted in an enclosure bill then under See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration for the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Broad Somerford in See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire . This was done, " and the example was followed by nearly every adjoining parish in that part of Wiltshire." Passing over several praiseworthy establishments of allotments by private persons, we come to 1819, when parliament passed an act akin in spirit to several that came into existence during the later portion of the Victorian era . It empowered the churchwardens and overseers of any parish, with the consent of the See also:

• VESTRY (O.- Fr. vestiaire, Lat. vestiarium, a wardrobe)

vestry, to purchase or hire land not exceeding 25 acres, and to let it in portions to " any poor and industrious inhabitant of the parish." This was amended in 1831 by an act extending the quantity of land to 50 acres, and also conveying an important new See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to enable the same authorities to enclose from any waste or common, land not exceeding 5o acres to be devoted to the same purpose . This was followed next year by an act See also:

• RELATING

relating to fuel, and in 1834 the Poor See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law Commissioners reported favourably on the principle of granting allotments .

In 1843 an important inquiry into the subject was made by a committee of the House of Commons, which produced a number of valuable suggestions . One consequence was the bill of 1845, brought into parliament by Mr Cowper . It passed the House of Commons; and there Mr See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright made a remark that probably summarized a general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, since it never came to a third See also:

• READING

reading in the House of Lords . He said that " the voluntary system of arrangement would do all the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good that was expected to accrue from the allotment system.” At this point in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the movement it may be as well to pause and ask what was the See also:

• NET

net result of so much legislation and benevolent See also:

• ACTION

action . Messrs Tremenheere and Tufnall, who prefixed an admirable See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of what had been done to the report of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission " appointed to inquire into the employment of See also:

• WOMEN

women, young persons and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in agriculture " (1867), expressed considerable disappointment . Between 1710 and 1867, 7,660,413 statute acres were added to the cultivated See also:

• AREA

area of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, or about one-third of the area in cultivation at the latter date; and of this total, 484,893 acres were enclosed between 1845 and 1867 . Of the latter, only 2119 acres were assigned as public allotments for gardens to the labouring poor . It was found to be the case, as it is now, that land was taken up more readily when offered privately and voluntarily than when it came through See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• SOURCES

sources . Mean-while competent and thoughtful men saw well that the sullen discontent of the peasantry continued, in Lord See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon's phrase, to threaten " the might and manhood of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom.” It had existed since the beginning of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• WARS

wars, and had become more articulate with the spread of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . We shall see a consciousness of its presence reflected in the minds of statesmen and politicians as we briefly examine the later phase of the movement . This found expression in the clauses against enclosure introduced by Lord See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield in 1876, and gave force to the three-acres-and-a-cow agitation, of which the more prominent leaders were See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch and See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse Collings . In 1882 the=Allotments See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

Extension Act was passed, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of which was to let the parishioners have charity land in allotments, provided it or the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue from it was not used for apprentice-See also:

• SHIP

ship, ecclesiastical or educational purposes .

A committee of the House of Commons, appointed in 1885 to inquire into the See also:

• HOUSING

housing of the working classes, reported strongly in favour of allotments, and this was followed in 1887 by the Allotments Act—the first measure in which the principle of compulsory acquisition was admitted in regard to other than charity lands . Its See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was first given to the sanitary authority, but passed to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• COUNCILS

councils when these bodies were established in 1894 . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• BODY

body is empowered to hire or purchase suitable land, and if they do not find any in the market they are to petition the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, which after due inquiry may issue a See also:

• PRO

pro-visional See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order compelling owners to sell land, and the Local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government Board may introduce a bill into parliament to confirm the order . It was found that the sanitary authority did not carry out the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and in 1890 another act was passed for the purpose of allowing applicants for allotments, when the sanitary authority failed to provide land, to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the county council . Judging from the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence laid before the commission on agricultural depression (1894), the act of 1887 was not a conspicuous success . Most of the witnesses reported in such terms as these—” the Allotments Act has been quite inoperative in See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall " ; " the act has been a dead See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in the district (See also:

• WIGTOWNSHIRE (sometimes called WEST GALLOWAY)

Wigtownshire) " ; " the Allotments Act has not been in operation in Flintshire " ; " nothing has been done in the district of See also:

• PEMBROKESHIRE (Sir Benfro, Dyfed)

Pembrokeshire under the act." No evidence whatever was adduced to show that in a single district a different See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of things had to be recorded . From a return presented by the Local Government Board to parliament in 1896 we learn that eighty-three rural sanitary authorities had acquired lama for allotment See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the 28th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1894, the date at which these authorities ceased to exist under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1894 . Land was acquired by compulsory purchase in only one parish; by purchase or agreement in eighteen parishes; by hire by agreement in 132 parishes . The total acreage dealt with was 1836 acres I See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood 34 poles, and the total number of tenants 4711 . The number of county councils that up to the same date had acquired land was twelve, and they had done so by compulsory purchase in one parish, by purchase or agreement in five parishes, by hire by agreement in twenty-four parishes . The total area dealt with was only 413 acres 1 rood 5 poles, and the total number of tenants 825 . The See also:

• COMPLETE

complete totals affected at the date of the return (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 21, 1895) by the acts, therefore, were 2249 acres 2 roods 29 poles, and 5536 tenants .

A considerable extension has taken place since . The Small Holdings Act introduced by Mr See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• CHAPLIN, HENRY (1841– )

Chaplin, and passed by parliament in 1892 was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to appease the rural discontent that had been seething for some time past and was silently but most eloquently expressed in a steady See also:

• MIGRATION

migration from the villages . The object of this measure was to help the deserving labouring See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to acquire a small holding, that is to say, a portion of land not less than one acre or more than fifty acres in extent and of an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual value not exceeding f 5o . It is not necessary here to describe the legal steps by which this was to be accomplished . The essence of the bargain was that a fifth of the purchase money should be paid down, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder in half-yearly instalments spread over a period not exceeding fifty years . But if the local authority thought See also:

• FIT

fit a portion of the purchase money, not exceeding one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, might remain unpaid, and be secured by a perpetual See also:

• RENT

rent See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge upon the holding . It cannot be said that this act has attained the object for which it was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up . From a return made to the House of Commons in 1895 it was shown that eight county councils had acquired land under the Small Holdings Act, which amounted in the aggregate to 483 acres . A further return was made in 1903, which showed that the total quantity of land acquired from the commencement of the act up to the end of 1902 was only 652 acres . It is, however, an English characteristic to prefer private to public arrangements, and probably a very great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the allotments and small holdings cultivated in 1907 were due to individual initiative . There are no means of arriving at the exact figures, but data exist whereby it is at least possible to form some rough idea of them . It is not the custom to give in the annual agricultural returns any statement of the manner in which land is held, and the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is to be found in the returns presented to parliament from time to time .

From the following table, which includes both the holdings owned and tenanted, it will be seen that between 1895 and 1904 the tendency was for the holdings to decrease in number; while the holdings of from 50 to 300 acres slightly increased, those from 5 to 50 acres were almost stationary, and there was a decrease in those between r and 5 acres . 1895 . 1904 . Number . Per cent . Number . Per cent . I to 5 acres 117,968 22.68 110,974 21.69 5 to 50 „ 235,481 45.28 232,476 45.44 50 to 300 „ 147,870 28.43 150,050 29.33 Above 300 „ 18,787 3.61 18,084 3.54 Total 520,106 See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo . 511,584 100 These figures become doubly instructive when considered in connexion with the decline of the strictly rural See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . It will, therefore, be useful to place beside them a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary published in a report on the decline of rural population in Great Britain issued by the Board of Agriculture and See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries in 1906 . Class . 1881 .

1891 . 1901 (- Decrease ) . 1881—1891 . 1891—1901 . No . No . No . No . No . Farmers and 279,126 277,943 277,694 -1,183 -249 Graziers Farm Bailiffs 22,895 21,453 27,317 -1,442 +5,864 and Foremen Shepherds 33,125 31,686 35,022 -1,439 +3,336 Agricultural La- 983,919 866,543 689,292 -117,376 — 177,251 bourers . These figures must of course be approximate . The effect of See also:

• RECENT

recent development in methods of travelling and the growing custom for townsmen either to live wholly in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country or to take See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week-end cottages, has made it impossible to draw a strict See also:

• LINE

line of demarcation between rural and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban populations .

Still they are near enough for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes, and they amply justify the efforts of those who are trying to stay the rural exodus . While legislation had not, up to 1908, achieved any noteworthy result in the creation of small holdings, and still See also:

• LEFT

left doubts as to the practicability of re-creating the English See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman by act of parliament, many successful efforts have been made by individuals . One of the most interesting is that of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• CARRINGTON, CHARLES

Carrington at See also:

• SLEAFORD

Sleaford in See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire . In this case the most noteworthy feature is that between the landlord and the tenants there is a body called the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Lincolnshire Small Holdings Association, which took 65o acres from Lord Carrington on a twenty years' See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease . These acres used to be let to four or five tenants . They were in 1905 divided among one hundred and seventy tenants . The Small Holders'Association guaranteed the rent, which See also:

• WORKS

works out at about 33S. per acre, to Lord Carrington . They let the men on yearly tenancy have it at about 405. an acre, the difference being used to meet the expenses of dividing the lands into small holdings, maintaining drains, fences and roads connected with them, and other unavoidable outlays . In this way the landlord is assured of his rent, and the association has lost nothing, as the men were very punctual in their payments . But very great care was bestowed in choosing the men for the holdings . They were in a sense picked men, but men must be picked to See also:

• WORK

work the business satisfactorily . Lincolnshire is pre-eminently a county of small holdings, and the labouring residents in it have been accustomed to the management of them from their See also:

• INFANCY

infancy onwards .

Here as elsewhere the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of suit-able houses formed a difficulty, some of the tenants having to walk several See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to their holdings . Lord Carrington availed himself as much as possible of the buildings that existed, dividing the old farm houses so as to make them suitable for the small tenants . At Cowbit farm, many of the ordinary labourers' cottages, which were put up at a cost of about £300 a pair, have by the addition of little dairies and other alterations been made suitable for the tenants . From facts collected on the spot we have come to the conclusion that on the small holdings a good tenant makes an See also:

• AVERAGE

average profit of about £4 an acre, but on an allotment cultivated by means of the See also:

• SPADE

spade it would probably be at the See also:

• RATE

rate of over £6 an acre . Lord Carrington was also successful in establishing small holdings on the Humberston See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Lincolnshire and on his See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire estate, near See also:

• AYLESBURY

Aylesbury . At See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport Pagnell the attempt failed because the demand was artificial, the ground arable, and the men not capable of dealing with it . Other examples of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of small holdings can only receive brief reference . The See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk Small Holdings Association acquired three farms at Whissonsett, Watton and See also:

• SWAFFHAM

Swaffham, which are broken up into small lots and let mostly to the See also:

• VILLAGE

village tradespeople . Sir See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce See also:

• EDGECUMBE, or EDGECOMBE

Edgecumbe established small holdings at Rew, some of which have been See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by the occupiers, and Mr A . B . See also:

• MARKHAM, GERVASE (or JERVIS) (1568?-1637)
• MARKHAM, MRS
• MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (183o- )
• MARKHAM, WILLIAM (1719-1807)

Markham created similar ownerships at Twyford (See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire) . At See also:

• CUDWORTH, RALPH (1617-1688)

Cudworth in See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey a See also:

• GROUP

group was formed, but the owners were actuated more by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a simple See also:

• LIFE

life than to prove the remunerative value of small holdings .

Mr W . J . See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris created small holdings in See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon, each of which is let on a life tenancy . There the rural exodus has been more than arrested . Mr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Tomkinson established in See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire a number of graduated holdings, so contrived as to offer the successful holders a See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of stepping upwards . The earl of See also:

• HARROWBY, DUDLEY RYDER, 1ST EARL, OF (1762–1847)

Harrowby made an interesting experiment on his Sandon estate in See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire in the midst of a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty, broken and undulating country . The estate consists of about 6000 acres, one-third of which is laid out in small holdings . These fall naturally into three divisions . First, there are those which belong to men who have See also:

• REGULAR

regular employment, and would therefore find it impossible to cultivate any great quantity of land . Many of that class are anxious to have a holding of some sort, as it lendsa certain See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity to their incomes and provides them with a never-failing See also:

• INTEREST

interest . One who may be taken as typical hired six acres with a good cottage and a large garden, paying a rent of £20 a year . When this holding was created it had already a suitable cottage, but £loo was needed to provide outbuildings, and Lord Harrowby's custom is to charge 5 % on outlay of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind .

This £5, however, is included in the total rent of £20 paid for cottage, land and garden . The man was not only content, but wished to get some more land . The next class consists of those who have not enough land to live on but eke out their livelihood by casual labour . Usually a man of this sort requires from 35 to 50 acres of land mostly pasture . He can attend to it and yet give a certain number of days to estate work . The third class is that of the small farmer who gains his entire livelihood from the land . The obstacle to breaking up large farms into small lies of course in the expense of providing the necessary equipment . It has been found here that a cottage suitable for a small farmer See also:

• COSTS

costs about £400 to build in a substantial manner, and the outbuildings about £200 . This makes an addition therefore of about £30 to the rent of the land . The ardour with which these tenancies were sought when vacant formed the best testimony to the soundness of the principle applied by Lord Harrowby . A See also:

• NEST

nest of small holdings was created at Winterslow, near See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, by See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major R . M .

See also:

• POORE (or POOR), RICHARD (d. 1237)

Poore . The holders completed the purchase by 1906, and the work may be pronounced a complete success . Major Poore originally conceived the idea when land was cheap in 1892, owing to the depression in agriculture . He purchased an estate that came into the market at the time . The See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price came to an average of £10 an acre, and the men themselves made the average for selling it out again £15 on a principle of instalments . His object was not to make any profit from the transaction, and he formed what is termed a Landholders' See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court, formed of the men themselves, every ten choosing one to represent them . This court was found to act well . It collected the instalments, which are paid in advance; and of course the members of it, down to the minutest detail, knew not only the circumstances but the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of every applicant for land . The result speaks for itself . The owners are, in the true sense of the word, peasants . They do not depend on the land for a living, but work in various callings—many being woodmen—for wages that average about 15s. a week . The holdings vary in See also:

• SIZE

size from less than an acre to ten acres, and are technically. held on a lease of 1999 years, practically See also:

• FREEHOLD

freehold, though by the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a leasehold form a saving was effected in the cost of See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer .

On the holdings most of the men have erected houses, using for the purpose See also:

• CHALK

chalk dug up from their gardens, it lying only a few inches below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . It is not See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, but soft chalk, so that they are practically mud walls; but being as a See also:

• RULE

rule at least 18 inches thick, the houses are very cool in summer and warm in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . Major Poore calculated that in seven years these poor See also:

• PEOPLE

people—there are not See also:

• THIRTY

thirty of them altogether—managed to produce- for their houses and land a See also:

• GROSS

gross sum of not less than £5000 . This he attributed to the loyal manner in which even distant members of the family have helped . The class of holding which owes its existence to the act of 1892 may be illustrated by the history of the See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire small holdings . The inception of the scheme was due to the decline, of the See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail-making business, which caused a number of the inhabitants to be without occupation . Two candidates for