See also:

• ALMOGAVARES (from the Arab, Al-Mugavari, a scout)

ALMOGAVARES (from the Arab, Al-Mugavari, a See also:

• SCOUT (from O. Fr. escouter, mod. ecouter, Lat. auscultare, to listen)

scout)  , the name of a class of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish soldiers, well known during the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian reconquest of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and much employed as mercenaries in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, during the 13th and 14th centuries . The See also:

• ALMOGAVARES (from the Arab, Al-Mugavari, a scout)

Almogavares (the plural of Almogavar) came originally from the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, and were in later times recruited mainly in See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon and See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia . They were frontiersmen and See also:

• FOOT

foot-soldiers who wore no See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, dressed in skins, were shod with brogues (abarcas), and carried the same arms as the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman legionaries--two heavy javelins (Spanish azagaya, the Roman pilum), a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stabbing See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield . They served the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, the nobles, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church or the towns for pay, and were professional soldiers . When See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter III. of Aragon made See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou after the Sicilian See also:

• VESPERS (officium vespertinum)
• VESPERS, SICILIAN

Vespers—3oth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1282—for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, the Almogavares formed the most effective See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Their discipline and ferocity, the force with which they hurled their javelins, and their activity, made them very formidable to the heavy See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry of the Angevin armies . When the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Calatabellota in 1302 ended the war in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy, the Almogavares followed See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger di See also:

• FLOR, ROGER DI

Flor (Roger See also:

• BLUM, ROBERT FREDERICK (1857–1903)

Blum) the unfrocked Templar, who entered the service of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, Andronicus, as condottieri to fight against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . Their See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, 1303 and 1304, was a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of romantic victories, but their greed and violence made them intolerable to the Christian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . When Roger di Flor was assassinated by his See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek employer in 1305, they turned on the emperor, held See also:

• GALLIPOLI (anc. Callipolis)
• GALLIPOLI (Turk. Gelibolu, anc. KaAAiiroXrs)

Gallipoli and ravaged the neighbourhood of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . In 1310 they marched against the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Brienne . See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter of Brienne was defeated and slain by them with all his knights at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Cephissus, or See also:

• ORCHOMENUS (local form on coins and inscriptions, Erchomenos)

Orchomenus, in See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia in March . They then divided the wives and possessions of the Frenchmen by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot and summoned a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the house of Aragon to See also:

• RULE

rule over them .

The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Aragonese duchy of Athens was the See also:

• CULMINATION (from Lat. culmen, summit)

culmination of the achievements of the Almogavares . In the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the name died out . It was, however, revived for a short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as a party See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars of the reign of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand VII .