See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• LAT

Lat. amandola, derived through a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It  alian See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form mandola; the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation a-See also:

• MOND, LUDWIG (1839-1909)

mond and the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French amande show the true form of the word) . The See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond is the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of Amygdalus communis, a plant belonging to the tribe Pruneae of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• ROSACEAE

Rosaceae . The genus Amygdalus is very closely allied to Prunus (See also:

• PLUM

Plum, See also:

• CHERRY

Cherry), in which it is sometimes merged; the distinction lies in the fruit, the soft pulp attached to the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone in the plum being replaced by a leathery separable coat in the almond . The See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree appears to be a native of western See also:

• ASIA

Asia, See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary and See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco; but it has been extensively distributed over the warm-temperate region of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World . It ripens its fruit in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . It is a tree of moderate See also:

• SIZE

size; the leaves are lanceolate, and serrated at the edges; and it See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The fruit is a drupe, having a downy See also:

• OUTER

outer coat, calledthe epicarp, which encloses the reticulated hard stony See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell or endocarp . The See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed is the See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel which is contained within these coverings . The shell-almonds of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade consist of the endocarps enclosing the seeds . The tree grows in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine; and is referred to in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible under the name of Shaked, meaning " hasten." The word Luz, which occurs in See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis See also:

• XXX

xxx . 37, and which has been translated See also:

• HAZEL (0. Eng. hresell; cf. Ger. Hasel, Swed. and Dan. Kassel, &c.,; Fr. noiselier, coudrier)

hazel, is supposed to be another name for the almond . In Palestine the tree flowers in See also:

• JANUARY

January, and this hastening of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of flowering seems to be alluded to in See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah i .

11, 12, where the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord asks the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet, " What seest See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou?" and he replies, " The See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod of an almond-tree "; and the Lord says, " Thou hast well seen, for I will hasten my word to perform it." In See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Ecclesiastes xii . 5 it is said the " almond-tree shall flourish." This has often been supposed to refer to the resemblance of the hoary locks of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age to the flowers of the almond; but this exposition is not See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by the facts of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, inasmuch as the flowers of the almond are not See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white but See also:

• PINK

pink . The passage is more probably intended to allude to the hastening or rapid approach of old age . The application of Shaked or hasten to the almond is similar to the use of the name " May " for the See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

hawthorn, which usually flowers in that See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The rod of See also:

• AARON

Aaron, mentioned in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers xvii., was taken from an almond-tree; and the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews still carry rods of almond-blossom to the synagogues on See also:

• GREAT

great festival days . The fruit of the almond supplied a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for certain kinds of ornamental carved See also:

• WORK

work (See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus See also:

• XXV

xxv . 33, 34; See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 19, 20) . There are two forms of the plant, the one (with pink flowers) producing sweet, the other (with white flowers) See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter almonds . The kernel of the former contains a fixed oil and emulsin . It is used internally in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, and must not be adulterated with the bitter almond . The Pulvis .

Amygdalae Compositus of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

Pharmacopoeia consists of sweet almonds, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum See also:

• ACACIA

acacia . It may be given in any dose . The Mistura Amygdalae contains one See also:

• PART

part of the above to eight of See also:

• WATER

water; the dose is z to 1 oz . The bitter almond is rather broader and shorter than the sweet almond and has a bitter See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste . It contains about 50% of the fixed oil which also occurs in sweet almonds . It also contains a ferment emulsin which, in the presence of water, acts on a soluble See also:

• GLUCOSIDE

glucoside, See also:

• AMYGDALIN (from the Gr. aµurySaXrt, almond), C2

amygdalin, yielding See also:

• GLUCOSE (from Gr. - twais, sweet)

glucose, prussic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and the essential oil of bitter almonds or See also:

• BENZALDEHYDE (oil of bitter almonds), C6H5CHO

benzaldehyde (q.v.), which is not used in medicine . Bitter almonds may yield from 6 to 8% of prussic acid . Oleum Amygdalae, the fixed oil, is prepared from either variety of almond . If intended for See also:

• INTERNAL

internal use, it must, how-ever, be prepared only from sweet almonds . It is a glyceryl oleate, with slight odour and a nutty taste . It is almost insoluble in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol but readily soluble in See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform or See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether . It may be used as a pleasant substitute for See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil .

The pharmacopoeial preparations of the sweet almond are used only as vehicles for other drugs . The sweet almond itself, however, has a See also:

• SPECIAL

special dietetic value . It contains practically no See also:

• STARCH

starch and may therefore be made into See also:

• FLOUR

flour for cakes and biscuits for patients suffering from See also:

• DIABETES (from Gr. &a, through, and faivecv, to pass)

diabetes See also:

• MELLITUS (d. 624)

mellitus or any other form of glycosuria . It is a nutritious and very pleasant See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . There are numerous commercial varieties of sweet almond, of which the most esteemed is the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan almond, imported from See also:

• MALAGA

Malaga . See also:

• VALENTIA, SIR FRANCIS ANNESLEY, VISCOUNT (1585-166o)

Valentia almonds are also valued . Fresh sweet almonds are nutritive and demulcent, but as the outer See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown skin sometimes causes irritation of the alimentary See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, they are blanched by removal of this skin when used at dessert .