See also:

• ALPHONSO

ALPHONSO V  ., " Africano," was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1432, and succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• EDWARD

Edward in 1438 . During his minority he was placed under the regency, first of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother and latterly of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Dom Pedro . In 1448 he assumed the reins of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time married See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, Dom Pedro's daughter . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year, being led by what he afterwards discovered to be false representations, he declared Dom Pedro a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel and defeated his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in a See also:

• BATTLE

battle at Alfarrobeira, in which his uncle was slain . In 1458, and with more numerous forces in 1471, he invaded the territories of the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and by his successes there acquired his surname of " the See also:

• AFRICAN

African." On his return to See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal in 1475 his ambition led him into See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, where two princesses were disputing his See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne . Having been affianced to the Princess Juana, See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso caused himself to be proclaimed See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Castile and See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon; but in the following year he was defeated at See also:

• TORO

Toro by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand, the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of Isabella of Castile . He went to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to obtain the assistance of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI., but finding himself deceived by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French monarch, he abdicated in favour of his son See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . When he returned to Portugal, however, he was compelled by his son to resume the See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre, which he continued to wield for two years longer . After that he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into a deep See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy and retired into a monastery at See also:

• CINTRA

Cintra, where he died in 1481 . ALPHOxso VI., the second king of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza, was born in 1643 and succeeded his father in 1656 . In 1667 he was compelled by his wife and See also:

• BROTHER

brother to abdicate the throne and was banished to the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• TERCEIRA

Terceira . These acts, which the vices of Alphonso had rendered necessary, were sanctioned by the See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes in 1668 .

He died at Cintra in 1675 . See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings.—From Alphonso I . (739–757) to Alphonso V . (999–1028) the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Spanish kings of this Kings of name is unknown and their very See also:

• DATES

dates are disputed. See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval ALPxoNso I. is said to have married Ormesinda, and mod- daughter of Pelayo, who was raised on the See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield in ern See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . See also:

• ASTURIAS

Asturias as king of the Goths after the Arab See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . He is also said to have been the son of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Cantabria . It is not improbable that he was in fact an hereditary See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• BASQUES

Basques, but no contemporary records exist . His See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of" the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic " itself may very well have been the invention of later See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles . ALPxoNso II . (789–842), his reputed See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, bears the name of " the Chaste." The Arab writers who speak of the Spanish kings of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west as the Beni-Alfons, appear to recognize them as a royal stock derived from Alphonso I . The events of his reign are in reality unknown . Poets of a later See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation invented the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of his See also:

• SISTER

sister Ximena with Sancho, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Saldana, and the feats of their son Bernardo del Carpio .

Bernardo is the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of a cantar de gesta (chanson de geste) written to please the anarchical spirit of the nobles . The first faint glimmerings of medieval Spanish history begin with ALPxovso III . (866–914) surnamed " the See also:

• GREAT

Great." Of him also nothing is really known except the See also:

• BARE

bare facts of his reign and of his See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative success in consolidating the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom known as " of See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia " or " of See also:

• OVIEDO

Oviedo " during the weakness of the Omayyad princes of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova . ALPHONSO IV . (924–931) has a faint See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality . He resigned the See also:

• CROWN

crown to his brother Ramiro and went into a religious house . A certain instability of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is revealed by the fact that he took up arms against Ramiro, having repented of his renunciation of the See also:

• WORLD

world . He was defeated, blinded and sent back to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister of Sahagun . It fell to ALPHONSO V . (999–1028) to begin the See also:

• WORK

work of reorganizing the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian kingdom of the north-west after a most disastrous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and Arab inroads . Enough is known of him to justify the belief that he had some of the qualities of a soldier and a statesman . His name, and that of his wife Geloria (See also:

• ELVIRA, SYNOD OF

Elvira), are associated with the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of the first franchises of Leon .

He was killed by an arrow while besieging the See also:

• TOWN

town of Viseu in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Portugal, then held by the Mahommedans . (For all these kings see the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article SPAIN: History.) With ALPHONSO VI . (1065–1109) we come to a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of strong personal character . Much See also:

• ROMANCE

romance has gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round his name . In the cantar de gesta of the See also:

• CID, THE

Cid he plays the See also:

• PART

part attributed by medieval poets to the greatest kings, to See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne himself . He is alternately the oppressor and the victim of heroic and self-willed nobles—the idealized types of the patrons for whom the jongleurs and troubadours sang . (For the events of his reign see the article SPAIN: History.) He is the hero of a cantar de gesta which, like all but a very few of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Spanish songs, like the cantar of Bernardo del Carpio and the Inf antes of See also:

• LARA

Lara, exists now only in the fragments incorporated in thechronicle of Alphonso the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise or in ballad See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . His See also:

• FLIGHT

flight from the monastery of Sahagun, where his brother Sancho endeavoured to imprison him, his chivalrous friendship for his See also:

• HOST

host Almamun of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, See also:

• CABALLERO, FERNAN (1796-1877)

caballero aunque mom, a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman although a See also:

• MOOR

Moor, the passionate See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of his See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal Peranzules and his brotherly love for his sister Urraca of See also:

• ZAMORA

Zamora, may owe something to the poet who took him for hero . They are the See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the poet of the nobles who represented the king as having submitted to take a degrading See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath at the hands of Ruy See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz of Bivar (the Cid), in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Gadea at See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos, and as having then persecuted the brave See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who defied him . When every See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance is made, Alphonso VI. stands out as a strong man fighting for his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, which in his See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case was the hand of the king whose See also:

• INTEREST

interest was See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and who was the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the nation in the reconquest . On the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs he impressed himself as an enemy very fierce and astute, but as a keeper of his word . A story of Mahoinmedan origin, which is probably no more See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical than the oath of Santa Gadea, tells of how he allowed himself to be tricked by See also:

• IBN

Ibn Ammar, the favourite of Al Motamid, the king of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville .

They played See also:

• CHESS

chess for an extremely beautiful table and set of men, belonging to Ibn Ammar . Table and men were to go to the king if he won . If Ibn Ammar gained he was to name the stake . The latter did win and demanded that the Christian king should spare Seville . Alphonso kept his word . Whatever truth may See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie behind the romantic tales of Christian and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan, we know that Alphonso represented in a remarkable way the two great influences then shaping the character and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of Spain . At the instigation, it is said, of his second wife, See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, he brought the See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians into Spain, established them in Sahagun, See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose a French Cistercian, See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, as the first See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Toledo after the reconquest in ro85, married his daughters, legitimate and illegitimate, to French princes, and in every way forwarded the spread of French See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence—then the greatest civilizing force in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . He also See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew Spain nearer to the papacy, and it was his decision which established the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the old See also:

• MISSAL

missal of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Isidore—the so–called Mozarabic . On the other hand he was very open to Arabic influence . He protected the Mahommedans among his subjects and struck coins with See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in Arabic letters . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Constance he perhaps married and he certainly lived with Zaida, said to have been a daughter of " Benabet " (Al Motamid), Mahommedan king of Seville . Zaida, who became a Christian under the name of Maria or See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel, See also:

• BORE

bore him the only son among his many See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, Sancho, whom Alphonso designed to be his successor, but who was slain at the battle of Ucles in iro8 .

See also:

• WOMEN

Women See also:

• PLAY

play a great part in Alphonso's See also:

• LIFE

life . [ALPHOxso I., king of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, " the Battler," who married Urraca, daughter of Alphonso VI . (1104–1134), is sometimes counted the VIIth in the See also:

• LINE

line of the kings of Leon and Castile . A passionate fighting-man (he fought twenty-nine battles against Christian or Moor), he was married to Urraca, widow of See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond of Burgundy, a very dissolute and passionate woman . The marriage had been arranged by Alphonso VI. in 1106 to unite the two chief Christian states against the See also:

• ALMORAVIDES (properly Murabtis, the name being corrupted through the Spanish)

Almoravides, and to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply them with a capable military leader . But Urraca was tenacious of her right as proprietary See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen and had not learnt chastity in the polygamous See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of her father . Husband and wife quarrelled with the brutality of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and came to open war . Alphonso had the support of one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the nobles who found their See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in the confusion . Being a much better soldier than any of his opponents he gained victories at Sepulveda and Fuente de la See also:

• CULEBRA

Culebra, but his only trustworthy supporters were his Aragonese, who were not numerous enough to keep down Castile and Leon . The marriage of Alphonso and Urraca was declared null by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, as they were third See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins . The king quarrelled with the church, and particularly the Cistercians, almost as violently as with his wife . As he See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat her, so he drove Archbishop Bernard into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile and expelled the monks of Sahagun .

He was finally compelled to give way in Castile and Leon to his stepson Alphonso, son of Urraca and her first husband . The intervention of Pope See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus II. brought about an arrangement between the old man and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . Alphonso the Battler won his great successes in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro, where he expelled the Moors from See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa; in the great See also:

• RAID

raid of 1125, when he carried away a large part of the subject-Christians from See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, and in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west of France, where he had rights as king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . Three years before his death he made a will leaving his kingdom to the See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Knights of the See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre, which his subjects refused to carry out . He was a fierce, violent man, a soldier and nothing else, whose piety was wholly militant .