See also:

• ALPHONSO

ALPHONSO X  ., El Sabio, or the learned (1252–1284), is perhaps the most interesting, though he was far from being the most capable, of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . (His merits as a writer are dealt with in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

SPAIN: Literature) . His scientific fame is based mainly on his encouragement of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . It may be pointed out, however, that the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story which represents him as boasting of his ability to make a better See also:

• WORLD

world than this is of See also:

• LATE

late authority . If he said so, he was speaking of the Ptolemaic See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

cosmogony as known to him through the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, and his vaunt was a humorous See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his scientific See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct . As a ruler he showed legislative capacity, and a very commendable wish to provide his kingdoms with a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of See also:

• LAWS

laws and a consistent judicial See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The See also:

• FUERO

Fuero Real was undoubtedly his See also:

• WORK

work, and he began the code called the Siete Partidas, which, however, was only promulgated by his See also:

• GREAT

great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson . Unhappily for himself and for Spain, he wanted the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization, and also the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of firmness with See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper needed for dealing with his nobles . His descent from the See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen through his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a daughter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, gave him claims to represent the Swabian See also:

• LINE

line . The choice of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad IV. in 1254, misled him into See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild schemes which never took effect but caused immense expense . To obtain See also:

• MONEY

money he debased the coinage, and then endeavoured to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff . The little See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of his dominions was ruined,. and the burghers and peasants were deeply offended .

His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him . His second son, Sancho, enforced his claim to be See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, in preference to the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand de la Cerda, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother who died in See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso's See also:

• LIFE

life . ' Son and nobles alike supported the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with the rulers of See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco they denounced him as an enemy of the faith . A reaction in his favour was beginning in his later days, but he died defeated and deserted at See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, leaving a will by which he endeavoured to exclude Sancho and a heritage of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war .