See also:

• ALPHONSO

ALPHONSO XI  . (1312–1350) is variously known among See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings as the Avenger or the Implacable, and as " he of the . Rio Salado." The first two names he earned by the ferocity with which he repressed the disorder of the nobles after a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long minority; the third by his victory over the last formidable See also:

• AFRICAN

African invasion of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 1340 . The chronicler who records his See also:

• DEATH

death prays that " See also:

• GOD

God may be merciful to him, for he was a very See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king." The See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy was needed . See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso XI. never went to the insane lengths of his son See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Cruel, but he could be abundantly sultanesque in his methods . He killed for reasons of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state without See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of trial, while his open neglect of his wife, Maria of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, and his ostentatious See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for Leonora de Guzman, who See also:

• BORE

bore him a large See also:

• FAMILY

family of sons; set Peter an example which he did hot fail to better . It may be that his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early death, during the great See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague of 1350, at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar, only averted a desperate struggle with his legitimate son, though it was a misfortune in that it removed a ruler of eminent capacity, who understood his subjects well enough rot to go too far . [Four other kings of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, besides the Battler, bore the name of Alphonso . All these princes held territory in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and had a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . ALPHoNso II. of Aragon (1162–1196) was the son of See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond See also:

• BERENGER, ALPHONSE MARIE MARCELLIN THOMAS (1785-1866)

Berenger, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona, and of Petronilla, niece of Alphonso the Battler, and daughter of Ramiro surnamed the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

Monk . He succeeded to the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Barcelona in 1162 on the death of his See also:

• FATHER

father, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eleven, and in 1164 his See also:

• MOTHER

mother renounced her rights in Aragon in his favour . Though christened Ramon (Raymond), the favourite name of his See also:

• LINE

line, he reigned as Alphonso out of a wish to please his Aragonese subjects, to whom the memory of the Battler was dear .

As king of Aragon he took a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• WORK

work of the reconquest, by helping his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Alphonso VIII. of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile to conquer See also:

• CUENCA

Cuenca, and to suppress one Pero See also:

• RUIZ, JUAN (c. 1283-c. 1350)

Ruiz de Azagra, who was endeavouring to carve out a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom for himself in the debatable See also:

• LAND

land between See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan . But his See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double position as ruler both See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south of the eastern See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees distracted his policy . In See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and interests he was rather Provencal than Spanish, a favourer of the troubadours, no enemy of the Albigensian heretics, and himself a poet in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect . ALPHONSO III. of Aragon (1285—1291), the insignificant son of the notable Peter III., succeeded to the Spanish and Provencal possessions of his father, but his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign did not give him See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time even to marry . His inability to resist the demands of his nobles See also:

• LEFT

left a heritage of trouble in Aragon . By recognising their right to See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel in the articles called the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union he helped to make anarchy permanent . ALPHONSO IV. of Aragon (1327—1336) was a weak See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man whose reign was in-significant . ALPHONSO V. of Aragon (1416—1458), surnamed the Magnanimous, who represented the old line of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Barcelona only through See also:

• WOMEN

women, and was on his father's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side descended from the Castilian See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Trastamara, is one of the most conspicuous figures of the early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance . No man of his time had a larger share of the quality called by the Italians of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day " virtue." By hereditary right king of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, by the will of See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna II. and his own See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, he fought and triumphed amid the exuberant development of individuality which accompanied the revival of learning and the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORLD

world . When a prisoner in the hands of Filipo Maria See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, in 1435, Alphonso persuaded his ferocious and crafty captor to let him go by making it See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that it was the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of Milan not to prevent, the victory of the Aragonese party in Naples . Like a true See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the Renaissance he favoured men of letters whom he trusted to preserve his reputation to posterity . His devotion to the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics was exceptional even in that time .

He halted his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in pious respect before the birthplace of a Latin writer, carried See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy or See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar on his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns with him, and his panegyrist Panormita did not think it an incredible See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to say that the king was cured of an illness by having a few pages of See also:

• QUINTUS

Quintus See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius read to him . The classics had not refined his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, for he was amused by setting the wandering scholars, who swarmed to his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, to abuse one another in the indescribably filthy Latin scolding matches which were then the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . Alphonso founded nothing, and after his See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Naples in 1442 ruled by his See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary soldiers, and no less mercenary men of letters . His Spanish possessions were ruled for him by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John .